Also hash ICC profile

crates/typst-layout/src/image.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
-use typst_library::diag::{bail, warning, At, SourceResult, StrResult};
+use typst_library::diag::{warning, At, SourceResult, StrResult};
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
 use typst_library::foundations::{Bytes, Derived, Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use typst_library::layout::{
 use typst_library::loading::DataSource;
 use typst_library::text::families;
 use typst_library::visualize::{
-    Curve, Image, ImageElem, ImageFit, ImageFormat, ImageKind, ImageSource, PixmapImage,
+    Curve, ExchangeFormat, Image, ImageElem, ImageFit, ImageFormat, ImageKind,
-    RasterFormat, RasterImage, SvgImage, VectorFormat,
+    RasterImage, SvgImage, VectorFormat,
 };
 
 /// Layout the image.
@@ -50,14 +50,16 @@ pub fn layout_image(
     }
 
     // Construct the image itself.
-    let kind = match (format, source) {
+    let kind = match format {
-        (ImageFormat::Pixmap(format), ImageSource::Pixmap(source)) => {
+        ImageFormat::Raster(format) => ImageKind::Raster(
-            ImageKind::Pixmap(PixmapImage::new(source.clone(), format).at(span)?)
+            RasterImage::new(
-        }
+                data.clone(),
-        (ImageFormat::Raster(format), ImageSource::Data(_)) => {
+                format,
-            ImageKind::Raster(RasterImage::new(data.clone(), format).at(span)?)
+                elem.icc(styles).as_ref().map(|icc| icc.derived.clone()),
-        }
+            )
-        (ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg), ImageSource::Data(_)) => ImageKind::Svg(
+            .at(span)?,
+        ),
+        ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg) => ImageKind::Svg(
             SvgImage::with_fonts(
                 data.clone(),
                 engine.world,
@@ -66,10 +68,6 @@ pub fn layout_image(
             )
             .at(span)?,
         ),
-        (ImageFormat::Pixmap(_), _) => bail!(span, "source must be a pixmap"),
-        (ImageFormat::Raster(_) | ImageFormat::Vector(_), _) => {
-            bail!(span, "expected readable source for the given format (str or bytes)")
-        }
     };
 
     let image = Image::new(kind, elem.alt(styles), elem.scaling(styles));
@@ -135,9 +133,8 @@ pub fn layout_image(
 }
 
 /// Try to determine the image format based on the data.
-fn determine_format(source: &ImageSource, data: &Bytes) -> StrResult<ImageFormat> {
+fn determine_format(source: &DataSource, data: &Bytes) -> StrResult<ImageFormat> {
-    match source {
+    if let DataSource::Path(path) = source {
-        ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Path(path)) => {
         let ext = std::path::Path::new(path.as_str())
             .extension()
             .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
@@ -145,18 +142,13 @@ fn determine_format(source: &ImageSource, data: &Bytes) -> StrResult<ImageFormat
             .to_lowercase();
 
         match ext.as_str() {
-                "png" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Png)),
+            "png" => return Ok(ExchangeFormat::Png.into()),
-                "jpg" | "jpeg" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Jpg)),
+            "jpg" | "jpeg" => return Ok(ExchangeFormat::Jpg.into()),
-                "gif" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Gif)),
+            "gif" => return Ok(ExchangeFormat::Gif.into()),
-                "svg" | "svgz" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg)),
+            "svg" | "svgz" => return Ok(VectorFormat::Svg.into()),
             _ => {}
         }
     }
-        ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Bytes(_)) => {}
-        ImageSource::Pixmap(_) => {
-            bail!("pixmaps require an explicit image format to be given")
-        }
-    }
 
     Ok(ImageFormat::detect(data).ok_or("unknown image format")?)
 }

crates/typst-library/src/text/font/color.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use typst_syntax::Span;
 use usvg::tiny_skia_path;
 use xmlwriter::XmlWriter;
 
-use crate::foundations::{Bytes, Smart};
+use crate::foundations::Bytes;
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Frame, FrameItem, Point, Size};
 use crate::text::{Font, Glyph};
 use crate::visualize::{
-    FixedStroke, Geometry, Image, RasterFormat, RasterImage, SvgImage,
+    ExchangeFormat, FixedStroke, Geometry, Image, RasterImage, SvgImage,
 };
 
 /// Whether this glyph should be rendered via simple outlining instead of via
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ fn draw_raster_glyph(
     raster_image: ttf_parser::RasterGlyphImage,
 ) -> Option<()> {
     let data = Bytes::new(raster_image.data.to_vec());
-    let image =
+    let image = Image::plain(RasterImage::plain(data, ExchangeFormat::Png).ok()?);
-        Image::new(RasterImage::new(data, RasterFormat::Png).ok()?, None, Smart::Auto);
 
     // Apple Color emoji doesn't provide offset information (or at least
     // not in a way ttf-parser understands), so we artificially shift their
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ fn draw_colr_glyph(
     svg.end_element();
 
     let data = Bytes::from_string(svg.end_document());
-    let image = Image::new(SvgImage::new(data).ok()?, None, Smart::Auto);
+    let image = Image::plain(SvgImage::new(data).ok()?);
 
     let y_shift = Abs::pt(upem.to_pt() - y_max);
     let position = Point::new(Abs::pt(x_min), y_shift);
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@ fn draw_svg_glyph(
     );
 
     let data = Bytes::from_string(wrapper_svg);
-    let image = Image::new(SvgImage::new(data).ok()?, None, Smart::Auto);
+    let image = Image::plain(SvgImage::new(data).ok()?);
 
     let position = Point::new(Abs::pt(left), Abs::pt(top) + upem);
     let size = Size::new(Abs::pt(width), Abs::pt(height));

crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image/mod.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 //! Image handling.
 
-mod pixmap;
 mod raster;
 mod svg;
 
-pub use self::pixmap::{PixmapFormat, PixmapImage, PixmapSource};
+pub use self::raster::{
-pub use self::raster::{RasterFormat, RasterImage};
+    ExchangeFormat, PixelEncoding, PixelFormat, RasterFormat, RasterImage,
+};
 pub use self::svg::SvgImage;
 
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use comemo::Tracked;
 use ecow::EcoString;
 use typst_syntax::{Span, Spanned};
 use typst_utils::LazyHash;
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ use crate::layout::{BlockElem, Length, Rel, Sizing};
 use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 use crate::model::Figurable;
 use crate::text::LocalName;
-use crate::World;
 
 /// A raster or vector graphic.
 ///
@@ -48,34 +46,62 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[elem(scope, Show, LocalName, Figurable)]
 pub struct ImageElem {
-    /// The source to load the image from. Either of:
+    /// A path to an image file or raw bytes making up an image in one of the
+    /// supported [formats]($image.format).
     ///
-    /// - A path to an image file. For more details about paths, see the [Paths
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    ///   section]($syntax/#paths).
-    /// - Raw bytes making up an encoded image.
-    /// - A dictionary with the following keys:
-    ///   - `data` ([bytes]): Raw pixel data in the specified [`format`]($image.format).
-    ///   - `pixel-width` ([int]): The width in pixels.
-    ///   - `pixel-height` ([int]): The height in pixels.
-    ///   - `icc-profile` ([bytes], optional): An ICC profile for the image.
-    ///
-    ///   The width multiplied by the height multiplied by the channel count for
-    ///   the specified format must match the data length.
     #[required]
     #[parse(
-        let source = args.expect::<Spanned<ImageSource>>("source")?;
+        let source = args.expect::<Spanned<DataSource>>("source")?;
         let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
         Derived::new(source.v, data)
     )]
-    pub source: Derived<ImageSource, Bytes>,
+    pub source: Derived<DataSource, Bytes>,
 
-    /// The image's format. Detected automatically by default.
+    /// The image's format.
     ///
-    /// Supported image formats are PNG, JPEG, GIF, and SVG. Using a PDF as an image
+    /// By default, the format is detected automatically. Typically, you thus
-    /// is [not currently supported](https://github.com/typst/typst/issues/145).
+    /// only need to specify this when providing raw bytes as the
+    /// [`source`]($image.source) (even then, Typst will try to figure out the
+    /// format automatically, but that's not always possible).
     ///
-    /// Aside from these encoded image formats, Typst also lets you provide raw
+    /// Supported formats are `{"png"}`, `{"jpg"}`, `{"gif"}`, `{"svg"}` as well
-    /// image data as the source. In this case, providing a format is mandatory.
+    /// as raw pixel data. Embedding PDFs as images is
+    /// [not currently supported](https://github.com/typst/typst/issues/145).
+    ///
+    /// When providing raw pixel data as the `source`, you must specify a
+    /// dictionary with the following keys as the `format`:
+    /// - `encoding` ([str]): The encoding of the pixel data. One of:
+    ///   - `{"rgb8"}` (three 8-bit channels: red, green, blue.)
+    ///   - `{"rgba8"}` (four 8-bit channels: red, green, blue, alpha.)
+    ///   - `{"luma8"}` (one 8-bit channel: brightness.)
+    ///   - `{"lumaa8"}` (two 8-bit channels: brightness and alpha.)
+    /// - `width` ([int]): The pixel width of the image.
+    /// - `height` ([int]): The pixel height of the image.
+    ///
+    /// The pixel width multiplied by the height multiplied by the channel count
+    /// for the specified encoding must then match the `source` data.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #image(
+    ///   read(
+    ///     "tetrahedron.svg",
+    ///     encoding: none,
+    ///   ),
+    ///   format: "svg",
+    ///   width: 2cm,
+    /// )
+    ///
+    /// #image(
+    ///   bytes(range(16).map(x => x * 16)),
+    ///   format: (
+    ///     encoding: "luma8",
+    ///     width: 4,
+    ///     height: 4,
+    ///   ),
+    ///   width: 2cm,
+    /// )
+    /// ```
     pub format: Smart<ImageFormat>,
 
     /// The width of the image.
@@ -110,6 +136,21 @@ pub struct ImageElem {
     /// _Note:_ The exact look may differ across PDF viewers.
     pub scaling: Smart<ImageScaling>,
 
+    /// An ICC profile for the image.
+    ///
+    /// ICC profiles define how to interpret the colors in an image. When set
+    /// to `{auto}`, Typst will try to extract an ICC profile from the image.
+    #[parse(match args.named::<Spanned<Smart<DataSource>>>("icc")? {
+        Some(Spanned { v: Smart::Custom(source), span }) => Some(Smart::Custom({
+            let data = Spanned::new(&source, span).load(engine.world)?;
+            Derived::new(source, data)
+        })),
+        Some(Spanned { v: Smart::Auto, .. }) => Some(Smart::Auto),
+        None => None,
+    })]
+    #[borrowed]
+    pub icc: Smart<Derived<DataSource, Bytes>>,
+
     /// Whether text in SVG images should be converted into curves before
     /// embedding. This will result in the text becoming unselectable in the
     /// output.
@@ -164,8 +205,7 @@ impl ImageElem {
         flatten_text: Option<bool>,
     ) -> StrResult<Content> {
         let bytes = data.into_bytes();
-        let source =
+        let source = Derived::new(DataSource::Bytes(bytes.clone()), bytes);
-            Derived::new(ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Bytes(bytes.clone())), bytes);
         let mut elem = ImageElem::new(source);
         if let Some(format) = format {
             elem.push_format(format);
@@ -182,15 +222,12 @@ impl ImageElem {
         if let Some(fit) = fit {
             elem.push_fit(fit);
         }
-        if let Some(fit) = fit {
+        if let Some(scaling) = scaling {
-            elem.push_fit(fit);
+            elem.push_scaling(scaling);
         }
         if let Some(flatten_text) = flatten_text {
             elem.push_flatten_text(flatten_text);
         }
-        if let Some(scaling) = scaling {
-            elem.push_scaling(scaling);
-        }
         Ok(elem.pack().spanned(span))
     }
 }
@@ -253,7 +290,7 @@ impl Image {
     /// Should always be the same as the default DPI used by usvg.
     pub const USVG_DEFAULT_DPI: f64 = 96.0;
 
-    /// Create an image from a kind.
+    /// Create an image from a `RasterImage` or `SvgImage`.
     pub fn new(
         kind: impl Into<ImageKind>,
         alt: Option<EcoString>,
@@ -262,6 +299,11 @@ impl Image {
         Self::new_impl(kind.into(), alt, scaling)
     }
 
+    /// Create an image with optional properties set to the default.
+    pub fn plain(kind: impl Into<ImageKind>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(kind, None, Smart::Auto)
+    }
+
     /// The internal, non-generic implementation. This is memoized to reuse
     /// the `Arc` and `LazyHash`.
     #[comemo::memoize]
@@ -278,7 +320,6 @@ impl Image {
         match &self.0.kind {
             ImageKind::Raster(raster) => raster.format().into(),
             ImageKind::Svg(_) => VectorFormat::Svg.into(),
-            ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => pixmap.format().into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -287,7 +328,6 @@ impl Image {
         match &self.0.kind {
             ImageKind::Raster(raster) => raster.width() as f64,
             ImageKind::Svg(svg) => svg.width(),
-            ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => pixmap.width() as f64,
         }
     }
 
@@ -296,7 +336,6 @@ impl Image {
         match &self.0.kind {
             ImageKind::Raster(raster) => raster.height() as f64,
             ImageKind::Svg(svg) => svg.height(),
-            ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => pixmap.height() as f64,
         }
     }
 
@@ -305,7 +344,6 @@ impl Image {
         match &self.0.kind {
             ImageKind::Raster(raster) => raster.dpi(),
             ImageKind::Svg(_) => Some(Image::USVG_DEFAULT_DPI),
-            ImageKind::Pixmap(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -337,40 +375,6 @@ impl Debug for Image {
     }
 }
 
-/// Information specifying the source of an image's byte data.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub enum ImageSource {
-    Data(DataSource),
-    Pixmap(PixmapSource),
-}
-
-impl From<Bytes> for ImageSource {
-    fn from(bytes: Bytes) -> Self {
-        ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Bytes(bytes))
-    }
-}
-
-impl Load for Spanned<ImageSource> {
-    type Output = Bytes;
-
-    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
-        match &self.v {
-            ImageSource::Data(data) => Spanned::new(data, self.span).load(world),
-            ImageSource::Pixmap(pixmap) => Ok(pixmap.data.clone()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-cast! {
-    ImageSource,
-    self => match self {
-       Self::Data(data) => data.into_value(),
-       Self::Pixmap(pixmap) => pixmap.into_value(),
-    },
-    data: DataSource => Self::Data(data),
-    pixmap: PixmapSource => Self::Pixmap(pixmap),
-}
-
 /// A kind of image.
 #[derive(Clone, Hash)]
 pub enum ImageKind {
@@ -378,8 +382,6 @@ pub enum ImageKind {
     Raster(RasterImage),
     /// An SVG image.
     Svg(SvgImage),
-    /// An image constructed from a pixmap.
-    Pixmap(PixmapImage),
 }
 
 impl From<RasterImage> for ImageKind {
@@ -394,12 +396,6 @@ impl From<SvgImage> for ImageKind {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<PixmapImage> for ImageKind {
-    fn from(image: PixmapImage) -> Self {
-        Self::Pixmap(image)
-    }
-}
-
 /// A raster or vector image format.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum ImageFormat {
@@ -407,15 +403,13 @@ pub enum ImageFormat {
     Raster(RasterFormat),
     /// A vector graphics format.
     Vector(VectorFormat),
-    /// A format made up of flat pixels without metadata or compression.
-    Pixmap(PixmapFormat),
 }
 
 impl ImageFormat {
     /// Try to detect the format of an image from data.
     pub fn detect(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
-        if let Some(format) = RasterFormat::detect(data) {
+        if let Some(format) = ExchangeFormat::detect(data) {
-            return Some(Self::Raster(format));
+            return Some(Self::Raster(RasterFormat::Exchange(format)));
         }
 
         // SVG or compressed SVG.
@@ -434,9 +428,12 @@ pub enum VectorFormat {
     Svg,
 }
 
-impl From<RasterFormat> for ImageFormat {
+impl<R> From<R> for ImageFormat
-    fn from(format: RasterFormat) -> Self {
+where
-        Self::Raster(format)
+    R: Into<RasterFormat>,
+{
+    fn from(format: R) -> Self {
+        Self::Raster(format.into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -446,22 +443,14 @@ impl From<VectorFormat> for ImageFormat {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<PixmapFormat> for ImageFormat {
-    fn from(format: PixmapFormat) -> Self {
-        Self::Pixmap(format)
-    }
-}
-
 cast! {
     ImageFormat,
     self => match self {
         Self::Raster(v) => v.into_value(),
         Self::Vector(v) => v.into_value(),
-        Self::Pixmap(v) => v.into_value(),
     },
     v: RasterFormat => Self::Raster(v),
     v: VectorFormat => Self::Vector(v),
-    v: PixmapFormat => Self::Pixmap(v),
 }
 
 /// The image scaling algorithm a viewer should use.

crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image/pixmap.rs

@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use image::{DynamicImage, ImageBuffer, Pixel};
-
-use crate::diag::{bail, StrResult};
-use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Bytes, Cast, Dict};
-
-/// A raster image based on a flat pixmap.
-#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
-pub struct PixmapImage(Arc<Repr>);
-
-/// The internal representation.
-#[derive(Hash)]
-struct Repr {
-    source: PixmapSource,
-    format: PixmapFormat,
-}
-
-impl PixmapImage {
-    /// Builds a new [`PixmapImage`] from a flat, uncompressed byte sequence.
-    #[comemo::memoize]
-    #[typst_macros::time(name = "load pixmap")]
-    pub fn new(source: PixmapSource, format: PixmapFormat) -> StrResult<PixmapImage> {
-        if source.pixel_width == 0 || source.pixel_height == 0 {
-            bail!("zero-sized images are not allowed");
-        }
-
-        let pixel_size = match format {
-            PixmapFormat::Rgb8 => 3,
-            PixmapFormat::Rgba8 => 4,
-            PixmapFormat::Luma8 => 1,
-            PixmapFormat::Lumaa8 => 2,
-        };
-
-        let Some(expected_size) = source
-            .pixel_width
-            .checked_mul(source.pixel_height)
-            .and_then(|size| size.checked_mul(pixel_size))
-        else {
-            bail!("pixel dimensions are too large");
-        };
-
-        if expected_size as usize != source.data.len() {
-            bail!("pixel dimensions and pixel data do not match");
-        }
-
-        Ok(Self(Arc::new(Repr { source, format })))
-    }
-
-    /// The image's format.
-    pub fn format(&self) -> PixmapFormat {
-        self.0.format
-    }
-
-    /// The image's pixel width.
-    pub fn width(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.0.source.pixel_width
-    }
-
-    /// The image's pixel height.
-    pub fn height(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.0.source.pixel_height
-    }
-
-    /// The raw data encoded in the given format.
-    pub fn data(&self) -> &Bytes {
-        &self.0.source.data
-    }
-
-    /// Transform the image data to a [`DynamicImage`].
-    #[comemo::memoize]
-    pub fn to_dynamic(&self) -> Arc<DynamicImage> {
-        // TODO: Optimize by returning a `View` if possible?
-        fn decode<P: Pixel<Subpixel = u8>>(
-            source: &PixmapSource,
-        ) -> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<u8>> {
-            ImageBuffer::from_raw(
-                source.pixel_width,
-                source.pixel_height,
-                source.data.to_vec(),
-            )
-            .unwrap()
-        }
-        Arc::new(match self.0.format {
-            PixmapFormat::Rgb8 => decode::<image::Rgb<u8>>(&self.0.source).into(),
-            PixmapFormat::Rgba8 => decode::<image::Rgba<u8>>(&self.0.source).into(),
-            PixmapFormat::Luma8 => decode::<image::Luma<u8>>(&self.0.source).into(),
-            PixmapFormat::Lumaa8 => decode::<image::LumaA<u8>>(&self.0.source).into(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Access the ICC profile, if any.
-    pub fn icc_profile(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
-        self.0.source.icc_profile.as_deref()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Determines how the given image is interpreted and encoded.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Cast)]
-pub enum PixmapFormat {
-    /// Raw image data with three 8-bit channels: Red, green, blue.
-    Rgb8,
-    /// Raw image data with four 8-bit channels: Red, green, blue, alpha.
-    Rgba8,
-    /// Raw image data with one 8-bit channel: Brightness.
-    Luma8,
-    /// Raw image data with two 8-bit channels: Brightness and alpha.
-    Lumaa8,
-}
-
-/// Raw pixmap data and relevant metadata.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct PixmapSource {
-    pub data: Bytes,
-    pub pixel_width: u32,
-    pub pixel_height: u32,
-    pub icc_profile: Option<Bytes>,
-}
-
-cast! {
-    PixmapSource,
-    self => dict! {
-        "data" => self.data.clone(),
-        "pixel-width" => self.pixel_width,
-        "pixel-height" => self.pixel_height,
-        "icc-profile" => self.icc_profile.clone()
-    }.into_value(),
-    mut dict: Dict => {
-        let source = PixmapSource {
-            data: dict.take("data")?.cast()?,
-            pixel_width: dict.take("pixel-width")?.cast()?,
-            pixel_height: dict.take("pixel-height")?.cast()?,
-            icc_profile: dict.take("icc-profile").ok().map(|v| v.cast()).transpose()?,
-        };
-        dict.finish(&["data", "pixel-width", "pixel-height", "icc-profile"])?;
-        source
-    }
-}

crates/typst-library/src/visualize/image/raster.rs

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use image::codecs::gif::GifDecoder;
 use image::codecs::jpeg::JpegDecoder;
 use image::codecs::png::PngDecoder;
-use image::{guess_format, DynamicImage, ImageDecoder, ImageResult, Limits};
+use image::{
+    guess_format, DynamicImage, ImageBuffer, ImageDecoder, ImageResult, Limits, Pixel,
+};
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, StrResult};
-use crate::foundations::{Bytes, Cast};
+use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Bytes, Cast, Dict, Smart, Value};
 
 /// A decoded raster image.
 #[derive(Clone, Hash)]
@@ -21,30 +23,58 @@ struct Repr {
     data: Bytes,
     format: RasterFormat,
     dynamic: image::DynamicImage,
-    icc_profile: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    icc: Option<Bytes>,
     dpi: Option<f64>,
 }
 
 impl RasterImage {
     /// Decode a raster image.
+    pub fn new(
+        data: Bytes,
+        format: impl Into<RasterFormat>,
+        icc: Smart<Bytes>,
+    ) -> StrResult<Self> {
+        Self::new_impl(data, format.into(), icc)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a raster image with optional properties set to the default.
+    pub fn plain(data: Bytes, format: impl Into<RasterFormat>) -> StrResult<Self> {
+        Self::new(data, format, Smart::Auto)
+    }
+
+    /// The internal, non-generic implementation.
     #[comemo::memoize]
     #[typst_macros::time(name = "load raster image")]
-    pub fn new(data: Bytes, format: RasterFormat) -> StrResult<RasterImage> {
+    fn new_impl(
-        fn decode_with<T: ImageDecoder>(
+        data: Bytes,
+        format: RasterFormat,
+        icc: Smart<Bytes>,
+    ) -> StrResult<RasterImage> {
+        let (dynamic, icc, dpi) = match format {
+            RasterFormat::Exchange(format) => {
+                fn decode<T: ImageDecoder>(
                     decoder: ImageResult<T>,
-        ) -> ImageResult<(image::DynamicImage, Option<Vec<u8>>)> {
+                    icc: Smart<Bytes>,
+                ) -> ImageResult<(image::DynamicImage, Option<Bytes>)> {
                     let mut decoder = decoder?;
-            let icc = decoder.icc_profile().ok().flatten().filter(|icc| !icc.is_empty());
+                    let icc = icc.custom().or_else(|| {
+                        decoder
+                            .icc_profile()
+                            .ok()
+                            .flatten()
+                            .filter(|icc| !icc.is_empty())
+                            .map(Bytes::new)
+                    });
                     decoder.set_limits(Limits::default())?;
                     let dynamic = image::DynamicImage::from_decoder(decoder)?;
                     Ok((dynamic, icc))
                 }
 
                 let cursor = io::Cursor::new(&data);
-        let (mut dynamic, icc_profile) = match format {
+                let (mut dynamic, icc) = match format {
-            RasterFormat::Jpg => decode_with(JpegDecoder::new(cursor)),
+                    ExchangeFormat::Jpg => decode(JpegDecoder::new(cursor), icc),
-            RasterFormat::Png => decode_with(PngDecoder::new(cursor)),
+                    ExchangeFormat::Png => decode(PngDecoder::new(cursor), icc),
-            RasterFormat::Gif => decode_with(GifDecoder::new(cursor)),
+                    ExchangeFormat::Gif => decode(GifDecoder::new(cursor), icc),
                 }
                 .map_err(format_image_error)?;
 
@@ -60,7 +90,53 @@ impl RasterImage {
                 // Extract pixel density.
                 let dpi = determine_dpi(&data, exif.as_ref());
 
-        Ok(Self(Arc::new(Repr { data, format, dynamic, icc_profile, dpi })))
+                (dynamic, icc, dpi)
+            }
+
+            RasterFormat::Pixel(format) => {
+                if format.width == 0 || format.height == 0 {
+                    bail!("zero-sized images are not allowed");
+                }
+
+                let channels = match format.encoding {
+                    PixelEncoding::Rgb8 => 3,
+                    PixelEncoding::Rgba8 => 4,
+                    PixelEncoding::Luma8 => 1,
+                    PixelEncoding::Lumaa8 => 2,
+                };
+
+                let Some(expected_size) = format
+                    .width
+                    .checked_mul(format.height)
+                    .and_then(|size| size.checked_mul(channels))
+                else {
+                    bail!("pixel dimensions are too large");
+                };
+
+                if expected_size as usize != data.len() {
+                    bail!("pixel dimensions and pixel data do not match");
+                }
+
+                fn to<P: Pixel<Subpixel = u8>>(
+                    data: &Bytes,
+                    format: PixelFormat,
+                ) -> ImageBuffer<P, Vec<u8>> {
+                    ImageBuffer::from_raw(format.width, format.height, data.to_vec())
+                        .unwrap()
+                }
+
+                let dynamic = match format.encoding {
+                    PixelEncoding::Rgb8 => to::<image::Rgb<u8>>(&data, format).into(),
+                    PixelEncoding::Rgba8 => to::<image::Rgba<u8>>(&data, format).into(),
+                    PixelEncoding::Luma8 => to::<image::Luma<u8>>(&data, format).into(),
+                    PixelEncoding::Lumaa8 => to::<image::LumaA<u8>>(&data, format).into(),
+                };
+
+                (dynamic, icc.custom(), None)
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self(Arc::new(Repr { data, format, dynamic, icc, dpi })))
     }
 
     /// The raw image data.
@@ -94,60 +170,141 @@ impl RasterImage {
     }
 
     /// Access the ICC profile, if any.
-    pub fn icc_profile(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+    pub fn icc(&self) -> Option<&Bytes> {
-        self.0.icc_profile.as_deref()
+        self.0.icc.as_ref()
     }
 }
 
 impl Hash for Repr {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        // The image is fully defined by data and format.
+        // The image is fully defined by data, format, and ICC profile.
         self.data.hash(state);
         self.format.hash(state);
+        self.icc.hash(state);
     }
 }
 
 /// A raster graphics format.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Cast)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum RasterFormat {
+    /// A format typically used in image exchange.
+    Exchange(ExchangeFormat),
+    /// A format of raw pixel data.
+    Pixel(PixelFormat),
+}
+
+impl From<ExchangeFormat> for RasterFormat {
+    fn from(format: ExchangeFormat) -> Self {
+        Self::Exchange(format)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PixelFormat> for RasterFormat {
+    fn from(format: PixelFormat) -> Self {
+        Self::Pixel(format)
+    }
+}
+
+cast! {
+    RasterFormat,
+    self => match self {
+        Self::Exchange(v) => v.into_value(),
+        Self::Pixel(v) => v.into_value(),
+    },
+    v: ExchangeFormat => Self::Exchange(v),
+    v: PixelFormat => Self::Pixel(v),
+}
+
+/// A raster format typically used in image exchange, with efficient encoding.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Cast)]
+pub enum ExchangeFormat {
     /// Raster format for illustrations and transparent graphics.
     Png,
     /// Lossy raster format suitable for photos.
     Jpg,
-    /// Raster format that is typically used for short animated clips.
+    /// Raster format that is typically used for short animated clips. Typst can
+    /// load GIFs, but they will become static.
     Gif,
 }
 
-impl RasterFormat {
+impl ExchangeFormat {
     /// Try to detect the format of data in a buffer.
     pub fn detect(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
         guess_format(data).ok().and_then(|format| format.try_into().ok())
     }
 }
 
-impl From<RasterFormat> for image::ImageFormat {
+impl From<ExchangeFormat> for image::ImageFormat {
-    fn from(format: RasterFormat) -> Self {
+    fn from(format: ExchangeFormat) -> Self {
         match format {
-            RasterFormat::Png => image::ImageFormat::Png,
+            ExchangeFormat::Png => image::ImageFormat::Png,
-            RasterFormat::Jpg => image::ImageFormat::Jpeg,
+            ExchangeFormat::Jpg => image::ImageFormat::Jpeg,
-            RasterFormat::Gif => image::ImageFormat::Gif,
+            ExchangeFormat::Gif => image::ImageFormat::Gif,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<image::ImageFormat> for RasterFormat {
+impl TryFrom<image::ImageFormat> for ExchangeFormat {
     type Error = EcoString;
 
     fn try_from(format: image::ImageFormat) -> StrResult<Self> {
         Ok(match format {
-            image::ImageFormat::Png => RasterFormat::Png,
+            image::ImageFormat::Png => ExchangeFormat::Png,
-            image::ImageFormat::Jpeg => RasterFormat::Jpg,
+            image::ImageFormat::Jpeg => ExchangeFormat::Jpg,
-            image::ImageFormat::Gif => RasterFormat::Gif,
+            image::ImageFormat::Gif => ExchangeFormat::Gif,
-            _ => bail!("Format not yet supported."),
+            _ => bail!("format not yet supported"),
         })
     }
 }
 
+/// Information that is needed to understand a pixmap buffer.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct PixelFormat {
+    /// The channel encoding.
+    encoding: PixelEncoding,
+    /// The pixel width.
+    width: u32,
+    /// The pixel height.
+    height: u32,
+}
+
+/// Determines the channel encoding of raw pixel data.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Cast)]
+pub enum PixelEncoding {
+    /// Three 8-bit channels: Red, green, blue.
+    Rgb8,
+    /// Four 8-bit channels: Red, green, blue, alpha.
+    Rgba8,
+    /// One 8-bit channel: Brightness.
+    Luma8,
+    /// Two 8-bit channels: Brightness and alpha.
+    Lumaa8,
+}
+
+cast! {
+    PixelFormat,
+    self => Value::Dict(self.into()),
+    mut dict: Dict => {
+        let format = Self {
+            encoding: dict.take("encoding")?.cast()?,
+            width: dict.take("width")?.cast()?,
+            height: dict.take("height")?.cast()?,
+        };
+        dict.finish(&["encoding", "width", "height"])?;
+        format
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PixelFormat> for Dict {
+    fn from(format: PixelFormat) -> Self {
+        dict! {
+            "encoding" => format.encoding,
+            "width" => format.width,
+            "height" => format.height,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Try to get the rotation from the EXIF metadata.
 fn exif_rotation(exif: &exif::Exif) -> Option<u32> {
     exif.get_field(exif::Tag::Orientation, exif::In::PRIMARY)?
@@ -267,21 +424,20 @@ fn format_image_error(error: image::ImageError) -> EcoString {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{RasterFormat, RasterImage};
+    use super::*;
-    use crate::foundations::Bytes;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_image_dpi() {
         #[track_caller]
-        fn test(path: &str, format: RasterFormat, dpi: f64) {
+        fn test(path: &str, format: ExchangeFormat, dpi: f64) {
             let data = typst_dev_assets::get(path).unwrap();
             let bytes = Bytes::new(data);
-            let image = RasterImage::new(bytes, format).unwrap();
+            let image = RasterImage::plain(bytes, format).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(image.dpi().map(f64::round), Some(dpi));
         }
 
-        test("images/f2t.jpg", RasterFormat::Jpg, 220.0);
+        test("images/f2t.jpg", ExchangeFormat::Jpg, 220.0);
-        test("images/tiger.jpg", RasterFormat::Jpg, 72.0);
+        test("images/tiger.jpg", ExchangeFormat::Jpg, 72.0);
-        test("images/graph.png", RasterFormat::Png, 144.0);
+        test("images/graph.png", ExchangeFormat::Png, 144.0);
     }
 }

crates/typst-pdf/src/image.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ use pdf_writer::{Chunk, Filter, Finish, Ref};
 use typst_library::diag::{At, SourceResult, StrResult};
 use typst_library::foundations::Smart;
 use typst_library::visualize::{
-    ColorSpace, Image, ImageKind, ImageScaling, RasterFormat, SvgImage,
+    ColorSpace, ExchangeFormat, Image, ImageKind, ImageScaling, RasterFormat,
+    RasterImage, SvgImage,
 };
 use typst_utils::Deferred;
 
@@ -126,12 +127,9 @@ pub fn deferred_image(
     pdfa: bool,
 ) -> (Deferred<StrResult<EncodedImage>>, Option<ColorSpace>) {
     let color_space = match image.kind() {
-        ImageKind::Raster(raster) if raster.icc_profile().is_none() => {
+        ImageKind::Raster(raster) if raster.icc().is_none() => {
             Some(to_color_space(raster.dynamic().color()))
         }
-        ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) if pixmap.icc_profile().is_none() => {
-            Some(to_color_space(pixmap.to_dynamic().color()))
-        }
         _ => None,
     };
 
@@ -140,30 +138,12 @@ pub fn deferred_image(
     let interpolate = !pdfa && image.scaling() == Smart::Custom(ImageScaling::Smooth);
 
     let deferred = Deferred::new(move || match image.kind() {
-        ImageKind::Raster(raster) => {
+        ImageKind::Raster(raster) => Ok(encode_raster_image(raster, interpolate)),
-            let format = if raster.format() == RasterFormat::Jpg {
-                EncodeFormat::DctDecode
-            } else {
-                EncodeFormat::Flate
-            };
-            Ok(encode_raster_image(
-                raster.dynamic(),
-                raster.icc_profile(),
-                format,
-                interpolate,
-            ))
-        }
         ImageKind::Svg(svg) => {
             let (chunk, id) = encode_svg(svg, pdfa)
                 .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to convert SVG to PDF: {err}"))?;
             Ok(EncodedImage::Svg(chunk, id))
         }
-        ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => Ok(encode_raster_image(
-            &pixmap.to_dynamic(),
-            pixmap.icc_profile(),
-            EncodeFormat::Flate,
-            interpolate,
-        )),
     });
 
     (deferred, color_space)
@@ -171,36 +151,31 @@ pub fn deferred_image(
 
 /// Encode an image with a suitable filter.
 #[typst_macros::time(name = "encode raster image")]
-fn encode_raster_image(
+fn encode_raster_image(image: &RasterImage, interpolate: bool) -> EncodedImage {
-    image: &DynamicImage,
+    let dynamic = image.dynamic();
-    icc_profile: Option<&[u8]>,
+    let color_space = to_color_space(dynamic.color());
-    format: EncodeFormat,
-    interpolate: bool,
-) -> EncodedImage {
-    let color_space = to_color_space(image.color());
 
-    let (filter, data, bits_per_component) = match format {
+    let (filter, data, bits_per_component) =
-        EncodeFormat::DctDecode => {
+        if image.format() == RasterFormat::Exchange(ExchangeFormat::Jpg) {
             let mut data = Cursor::new(vec![]);
-            image.write_to(&mut data, image::ImageFormat::Jpeg).unwrap();
+            dynamic.write_to(&mut data, image::ImageFormat::Jpeg).unwrap();
             (Filter::DctDecode, data.into_inner(), 8)
-        }
+        } else {
-        EncodeFormat::Flate => {
             // TODO: Encode flate streams with PNG-predictor?
-            let (data, bits_per_component) = match (image, color_space) {
+            let (data, bits_per_component) = match (dynamic, color_space) {
+                // RGB image.
                 (DynamicImage::ImageRgb8(rgb), _) => (deflate(rgb.as_raw()), 8),
                 // Grayscale image
                 (DynamicImage::ImageLuma8(luma), _) => (deflate(luma.as_raw()), 8),
-                (_, ColorSpace::D65Gray) => (deflate(image.to_luma8().as_raw()), 8),
+                (_, ColorSpace::D65Gray) => (deflate(dynamic.to_luma8().as_raw()), 8),
                 // Anything else
-                _ => (deflate(image.to_rgb8().as_raw()), 8),
+                _ => (deflate(dynamic.to_rgb8().as_raw()), 8),
             };
             (Filter::FlateDecode, data, bits_per_component)
-        }
         };
 
-    let compressed_icc = icc_profile.map(deflate);
+    let compressed_icc = image.icc().map(|data| deflate(data));
-    let alpha = image.color().has_alpha().then(|| encode_alpha(image));
+    let alpha = dynamic.color().has_alpha().then(|| encode_alpha(dynamic));
 
     EncodedImage::Raster {
         data,
@@ -267,12 +242,6 @@ pub enum EncodedImage {
     Svg(Chunk, Ref),
 }
 
-/// How the raster image should be encoded.
-enum EncodeFormat {
-    DctDecode,
-    Flate,
-}
-
 /// Matches an [`image::ColorType`] to [`ColorSpace`].
 fn to_color_space(color: image::ColorType) -> ColorSpace {
     use image::ColorType::*;

crates/typst-render/src/image.rs

@@ -62,10 +62,29 @@ fn build_texture(image: &Image, w: u32, h: u32) -> Option<Arc<sk::Pixmap>> {
     let mut texture = sk::Pixmap::new(w, h)?;
     match image.kind() {
         ImageKind::Raster(raster) => {
-            scale_image(&mut texture, raster.dynamic(), image.scaling())
+            let w = texture.width();
+            let h = texture.height();
+
+            let buf;
+            let dynamic = raster.dynamic();
+            let resized = if (w, h) == (dynamic.width(), dynamic.height()) {
+                // Small optimization to not allocate in case image is not resized.
+                dynamic
+            } else {
+                let upscale = w > dynamic.width();
+                let filter = match image.scaling() {
+                    Smart::Custom(ImageScaling::Pixelated) => FilterType::Nearest,
+                    _ if upscale => FilterType::CatmullRom,
+                    _ => FilterType::Lanczos3, // downscale
+                };
+                buf = dynamic.resize_exact(w, h, filter);
+                &buf
+            };
+
+            for ((_, _, src), dest) in resized.pixels().zip(texture.pixels_mut()) {
+                let Rgba([r, g, b, a]) = src;
+                *dest = sk::ColorU8::from_rgba(r, g, b, a).premultiply();
             }
-        ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => {
-            scale_image(&mut texture, &pixmap.to_dynamic(), image.scaling())
         }
         ImageKind::Svg(svg) => {
             let tree = svg.tree();
@@ -78,33 +97,3 @@ fn build_texture(image: &Image, w: u32, h: u32) -> Option<Arc<sk::Pixmap>> {
     }
     Some(Arc::new(texture))
 }
-
-/// Scale a rastered image to a given size and write it into the `texture`.
-fn scale_image(
-    texture: &mut sk::Pixmap,
-    image: &image::DynamicImage,
-    scaling: Smart<ImageScaling>,
-) {
-    let w = texture.width();
-    let h = texture.height();
-
-    let buf;
-    let resized = if (w, h) == (image.width(), image.height()) {
-        // Small optimization to not allocate in case image is not resized.
-        image
-    } else {
-        let upscale = w > image.width();
-        let filter = match scaling {
-            Smart::Custom(ImageScaling::Pixelated) => FilterType::Nearest,
-            _ if upscale => FilterType::CatmullRom,
-            _ => FilterType::Lanczos3, // downscale
-        };
-        buf = image.resize_exact(w, h, filter);
-        &buf
-    };
-
-    for ((_, _, src), dest) in resized.pixels().zip(texture.pixels_mut()) {
-        let Rgba([r, g, b, a]) = src;
-        *dest = sk::ColorU8::from_rgba(r, g, b, a).premultiply();
-    }
-}

crates/typst-svg/src/image.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use image::{codecs::png::PngEncoder, ImageEncoder};
 use typst_library::foundations::Smart;
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axes};
 use typst_library::visualize::{
-    Image, ImageFormat, ImageKind, ImageScaling, RasterFormat, VectorFormat,
+    ExchangeFormat, Image, ImageKind, ImageScaling, RasterFormat,
 };
 
 use crate::SVGRenderer;
@@ -37,31 +37,28 @@ impl SVGRenderer {
 /// `data:image/{format};base64,`.
 #[comemo::memoize]
 pub fn convert_image_to_base64_url(image: &Image) -> EcoString {
-    let format = match image.format() {
-        ImageFormat::Raster(f) => match f {
-            RasterFormat::Png => "png",
-            RasterFormat::Jpg => "jpeg",
-            RasterFormat::Gif => "gif",
-        },
-        ImageFormat::Vector(f) => match f {
-            VectorFormat::Svg => "svg+xml",
-        },
-        ImageFormat::Pixmap(_) => "png",
-    };
-
     let mut buf;
-    let data = match image.kind() {
+    let (format, data): (&str, &[u8]) = match image.kind() {
-        ImageKind::Raster(raster) => raster.data(),
+        ImageKind::Raster(raster) => match raster.format() {
-        ImageKind::Svg(svg) => svg.data(),
+            RasterFormat::Exchange(format) => (
-        ImageKind::Pixmap(pixmap) => {
+                match format {
+                    ExchangeFormat::Png => "png",
+                    ExchangeFormat::Jpg => "jpeg",
+                    ExchangeFormat::Gif => "gif",
+                },
+                raster.data(),
+            ),
+            RasterFormat::Pixel(_) => ("png", {
                 buf = vec![];
                 let mut encoder = PngEncoder::new(&mut buf);
-            if let Some(icc_profile) = pixmap.icc_profile() {
+                if let Some(icc_profile) = raster.icc() {
                     encoder.set_icc_profile(icc_profile.to_vec()).ok();
                 }
-            pixmap.to_dynamic().write_with_encoder(encoder).unwrap();
+                raster.dynamic().write_with_encoder(encoder).unwrap();
                 buf.as_slice()
-        }
+            }),
+        },
+        ImageKind::Svg(svg) => ("svg+xml", svg.data()),
     };
 
     let mut url = eco_format!("data:image/{format};base64,");

crates/typst-svg/src/text.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ use std::io::Read;
 use base64::Engine;
 use ecow::EcoString;
 use ttf_parser::GlyphId;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Bytes, Smart};
+use typst_library::foundations::Bytes;
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Point, Ratio, Size, Transform};
 use typst_library::text::{Font, TextItem};
 use typst_library::visualize::{
-    FillRule, Image, Paint, RasterFormat, RasterImage, RelativeTo,
+    ExchangeFormat, FillRule, Image, Paint, RasterImage, RelativeTo,
 };
 use typst_utils::hash128;
 
@@ -246,10 +246,8 @@ fn convert_bitmap_glyph_to_image(font: &Font, id: GlyphId) -> Option<(Image, f64
     if raster.format != ttf_parser::RasterImageFormat::PNG {
         return None;
     }
-    let image = Image::new(
+    let image = Image::plain(
-        RasterImage::new(Bytes::new(raster.data.to_vec()), RasterFormat::Png).ok()?,
+        RasterImage::plain(Bytes::new(raster.data.to_vec()), ExchangeFormat::Png).ok()?,
-        None,
-        Smart::Auto,
     );
     Some((image, raster.x as f64, raster.y as f64))
 }

tests/suite/visualize/image.typ

@@ -67,71 +67,72 @@ A #box(image("/assets/images/tiger.jpg", height: 1cm, width: 80%)) B
 
 --- image-pixmap-rgb8 ---
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes((
-    data: bytes((
     0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF,
     0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80,
     0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x80,
   )),
-    pixel-width: 3,
+  format: (
-    pixel-height: 3,
+    encoding: "rgb8",
+    width: 3,
+    height: 3,
   ),
-  format: "rgb8",
   width: 1cm,
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-rgba8 ---
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes((
-    data: bytes((
     0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF,
     0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x80,
     0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x10,
   )),
-    pixel-width: 3,
+  format: (
-    pixel-height: 3,
+    encoding: "rgba8",
+    width: 3,
+    height: 3,
   ),
-  format: "rgba8",
   width: 1cm,
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-luma8 ---
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes(range(16).map(x => x * 16)),
-    data: bytes(range(16).map(x => x * 16)),
+  format: (
-    pixel-width: 4,
+    encoding: "luma8",
-    pixel-height: 4,
+    width: 4,
+    height: 4,
   ),
-  format: "luma8",
   width: 1cm,
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-lumaa8 ---
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes(range(16).map(x => (0x80, x * 16)).flatten()),
-    data: bytes(range(16).map(x => (0x80, x * 16)).flatten()),
+  format: (
-    pixel-width: 4,
+    encoding: "lumaa8",
-    pixel-height: 4,
+    width: 4,
+    height: 4,
   ),
-  format: "lumaa8",
   width: 1cm,
 )
 
 --- image-scaling-methods ---
 #let img(scaling) = image(
-  (
+  bytes((
-    data: bytes((
     0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF,
     0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80,
     0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00, 0x80,
   )),
-    pixel-width: 3,
+  format: (
-    pixel-height: 3,
+    encoding: "rgb8",
+    width: 3,
+    height: 3,
   ),
-  format: "rgb8",
   width: 1cm,
   scaling: scaling,
 )
+
 #stack(
   dir: ltr,
   spacing: 4pt,
@@ -181,52 +182,52 @@ A #box(image("/assets/images/tiger.jpg", height: 1cm, width: 80%)) B
 --- image-pixmap-empty ---
 // Error: 1:2-8:2 zero-sized images are not allowed
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes(()),
-    data: bytes(()),
+  format: (
-    pixel-width: 0,
+    encoding: "rgb8",
-    pixel-height: 0,
+    width: 0,
+    height: 0,
   ),
-  format: "rgb8",
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-invalid-size ---
 // Error: 1:2-8:2 pixel dimensions and pixel data do not match
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
-    data: bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
+  format: (
-    pixel-width: 16,
+    encoding: "rgb8",
-    pixel-height: 16,
+    width: 16,
+    height: 16,
   ),
-  format: "rgb8",
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-unknown-attribute ---
-// Error: 2:3-7:4 unexpected key "stowaway", valid keys are "data", "pixel-width", "pixel-height", and "icc-profile"
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
-    data: bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
+  // Error: 1:11-6:4 unexpected key "stowaway", valid keys are "encoding", "width", and "height"
-    pixel-width: 1,
+  format: (
-    pixel-height: 1,
+    encoding: "rgb8",
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
     stowaway: "I do work here, promise",
   ),
-  format: "rgb8",
 )
 
 --- image-pixmap-but-png-format ---
-// Error: 1:2-8:2 expected readable source for the given format (str or bytes)
 #image(
-  (
+  bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
-    data: bytes((0x00, 0x00, 0x00)),
+  // Error: 1:11-5:4 expected "rgb8", "rgba8", "luma8", or "lumaa8"
-    pixel-width: 1,
+  format: (
-    pixel-height: 1,
+    encoding: "png",
+    width: 1,
+    height: 1,
   ),
-  format: "png",
 )
 
 --- image-png-but-pixmap-format ---
-// Error: 1:2-4:2 source must be a pixmap
 #image(
   read("/assets/images/tiger.jpg", encoding: none),
+  // Error: 11-18 expected "png", "jpg", "gif", dictionary, "svg", or auto
   format: "rgba8",
 )