A bit of docs

Co-authored-by: Martin Haug <3874949+reknih@users.noreply.github.com>

Cargo.lock

@@ -3094,6 +3094,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "web-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3419,6 +3420,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "indexmap-nostd",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.70"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "26fdeaafd9bd129f65e7c031593c24d62186301e0c72c8978fa1678be7d532c0"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "weezl"
 version = "0.1.8"

Cargo.toml

@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ ureq = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["native-tls", "gzi
 usvg = { version = "0.43", default-features = false, features = ["text"] }
 walkdir = "2"
 wasmi = "0.39.0"
+web-sys = "0.3"
 xmlparser = "0.13.5"
 xmlwriter = "0.1.0"
 xmp-writer = "0.3"

README.md

@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@
 <p align="center">
   <a href="https://typst.app/docs/">
     <img alt="Documentation" src="https://img.shields.io/website?down_message=offline&label=docs&up_color=007aff&up_message=online&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftypst.app%2Fdocs"
-  /></a>
+  ></a>
   <a href="https://typst.app/">
     <img alt="Typst App" src="https://img.shields.io/website?down_message=offline&label=typst.app&up_color=239dad&up_message=online&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftypst.app"
-  /></a>
+  ></a>
   <a href="https://discord.gg/2uDybryKPe">
     <img alt="Discord Server" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/1054443721975922748?color=5865F2&label=discord&labelColor=555"
-  /></a>
+  ></a>
   <a href="https://github.com/typst/typst/blob/main/LICENSE">
     <img alt="Apache-2 License" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache%202-brightgreen"
-  /></a>
+  ></a>
   <a href="https://typst.app/jobs/">
     <img alt="Jobs at Typst" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftypst.app%2Fassets%2Fdata%2Fshields.json&query=%24.jobs.text&label=jobs&color=%23A561FF&cacheSeconds=1800"
-  /></a>
+  ></a>
 </p>
 
 Typst is a new markup-based typesetting system that is designed to be as powerful
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ A [gentle introduction][tutorial] to Typst is available in our documentation.
 However, if you want to see the power of Typst encapsulated in one image, here
 it is:
 <p align="center">
- <img alt="Example" width="900" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17899797/228031796-ced0e452-fcee-4ae9-92da-b9287764ff25.png"/>
+ <img alt="Example" width="900" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17899797/228031796-ced0e452-fcee-4ae9-92da-b9287764ff25.png">
 </p>
 
 

crates/typst-cli/src/args.rs

@@ -473,6 +473,9 @@ pub enum PdfStandard {
     /// PDF/A-2b.
     #[value(name = "a-2b")]
     A_2b,
+    /// PDF/A-3b.
+    #[value(name = "a-3b")]
+    A_3b,
 }
 
 display_possible_values!(PdfStandard);

crates/typst-cli/src/compile.rs

@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ impl CompileConfig {
                 .map(|standard| match standard {
                     PdfStandard::V_1_7 => typst_pdf::PdfStandard::V_1_7,
                     PdfStandard::A_2b => typst_pdf::PdfStandard::A_2b,
+                    PdfStandard::A_3b => typst_pdf::PdfStandard::A_3b,
                 })
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
             PdfStandards::new(&list)?

crates/typst-cli/src/world.rs

@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ impl FileSlot {
     ) -> FileResult<Bytes> {
         self.file.get_or_init(
             || read(self.id, project_root, package_storage),
-            |data, _| Ok(data.into()),
+            |data, _| Ok(Bytes::new(data)),
         )
     }
 }

crates/typst-eval/src/call.rs

@@ -7,12 +7,11 @@ use typst_library::diag::{
 use typst_library::engine::{Engine, Sink, Traced};
 use typst_library::foundations::{
     Arg, Args, Bytes, Capturer, Closure, Content, Context, Func, IntoValue,
-    NativeElement, Scope, Scopes, Value,
+    NativeElement, Scope, Scopes, SymbolElem, Value,
 };
 use typst_library::introspection::Introspector;
 use typst_library::math::LrElem;
 use typst_library::routines::Routines;
-use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 use typst_library::World;
 use typst_syntax::ast::{self, AstNode, Ident};
 use typst_syntax::{Span, Spanned, SyntaxNode};
@@ -325,6 +324,13 @@ fn eval_field_call(
     } else if let Some(callee) = target.ty().scope().get(&field) {
         args.insert(0, target_expr.span(), target);
         Ok(FieldCall::Normal(callee.clone(), args))
+    } else if let Value::Content(content) = &target {
+        if let Some(callee) = content.elem().scope().get(&field) {
+            args.insert(0, target_expr.span(), target);
+            Ok(FieldCall::Normal(callee.clone(), args))
+        } else {
+            bail!(missing_field_call_error(target, field))
+        }
     } else if matches!(
         target,
         Value::Symbol(_) | Value::Func(_) | Value::Type(_) | Value::Module(_)
@@ -341,8 +347,20 @@ fn eval_field_call(
 
 /// Produce an error when we cannot call the field.
 fn missing_field_call_error(target: Value, field: Ident) -> SourceDiagnostic {
-    let mut error =
-        error!(field.span(), "type {} has no method `{}`", target.ty(), field.as_str());
+    let mut error = match &target {
+        Value::Content(content) => error!(
+            field.span(),
+            "element {} has no method `{}`",
+            content.elem().name(),
+            field.as_str(),
+        ),
+        _ => error!(
+            field.span(),
+            "type {} has no method `{}`",
+            target.ty(),
+            field.as_str()
+        ),
+    };
 
     match target {
         Value::Dict(ref dict) if matches!(dict.get(&field), Ok(Value::Func(_))) => {
@@ -360,6 +378,7 @@ fn missing_field_call_error(target: Value, field: Ident) -> SourceDiagnostic {
         }
         _ => {}
     }
+
     error
 }
 
@@ -382,16 +401,16 @@ fn wrap_args_in_math(
     let mut body = Content::empty();
     for (i, arg) in args.all::<Content>()?.into_iter().enumerate() {
         if i > 0 {
-            body += TextElem::packed(',');
+            body += SymbolElem::packed(',');
         }
         body += arg;
     }
     if trailing_comma {
-        body += TextElem::packed(',');
+        body += SymbolElem::packed(',');
     }
     Ok(Value::Content(
         callee.display().spanned(callee_span)
-            + LrElem::new(TextElem::packed('(') + body + TextElem::packed(')'))
+            + LrElem::new(SymbolElem::packed('(') + body + SymbolElem::packed(')'))
                 .pack()
                 .spanned(args.span),
     ))
@@ -685,8 +704,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Named-params.
         test(s, "$ foo(bar: y) $", &["foo"]);
-        // This should be updated when we improve named-param parsing:
-        test(s, "$ foo(x-y: 1, bar-z: 2) $", &["bar", "foo"]);
+        test(s, "$ foo(x-y: 1, bar-z: 2) $", &["foo"]);
 
         // Field access in math.
         test(s, "$ foo.bar $", &["foo"]);

crates/typst-eval/src/code.rs

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ impl Eval for ast::Expr<'_> {
             Self::Term(v) => v.eval(vm).map(Value::Content),
             Self::Equation(v) => v.eval(vm).map(Value::Content),
             Self::Math(v) => v.eval(vm).map(Value::Content),
+            Self::MathText(v) => v.eval(vm).map(Value::Content),
             Self::MathIdent(v) => v.eval(vm),
             Self::MathShorthand(v) => v.eval(vm),
             Self::MathAlignPoint(v) => v.eval(vm).map(Value::Content),

crates/typst-eval/src/import.rs

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ fn resolve_package(
     // Evaluate the manifest.
     let manifest_id = FileId::new(Some(spec.clone()), VirtualPath::new("typst.toml"));
     let bytes = engine.world.file(manifest_id).at(span)?;
-    let string = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).map_err(FileError::from).at(span)?;
+    let string = bytes.as_str().map_err(FileError::from).at(span)?;
     let manifest: PackageManifest = toml::from_str(string)
         .map_err(|err| eco_format!("package manifest is malformed ({})", err.message()))
         .at(span)?;

crates/typst-eval/src/math.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use ecow::eco_format;
 use typst_library::diag::{At, SourceResult};
-use typst_library::foundations::{Content, NativeElement, Symbol, Value};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Content, NativeElement, Symbol, SymbolElem, Value};
 use typst_library::math::{
     AlignPointElem, AttachElem, FracElem, LrElem, PrimesElem, RootElem,
 };
 use typst_library::text::TextElem;
-use typst_syntax::ast::{self, AstNode};
+use typst_syntax::ast::{self, AstNode, MathTextKind};
 
 use crate::{Eval, Vm};
 
@@ -20,6 +20,17 @@ impl Eval for ast::Math<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+impl Eval for ast::MathText<'_> {
+    type Output = Content;
+
+    fn eval(self, _: &mut Vm) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
+        match self.get() {
+            MathTextKind::Character(c) => Ok(SymbolElem::packed(c)),
+            MathTextKind::Number(text) => Ok(TextElem::packed(text.clone())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Eval for ast::MathIdent<'_> {
     type Output = Value;
 
@@ -102,6 +113,7 @@ impl Eval for ast::MathRoot<'_> {
     type Output = Content;
 
     fn eval(self, vm: &mut Vm) -> SourceResult<Self::Output> {
+        // Use `TextElem` to match `MathTextKind::Number` above.
         let index = self.index().map(|i| TextElem::packed(eco_format!("{i}")));
         let radicand = self.radicand().eval_display(vm)?;
         Ok(RootElem::new(radicand).with_index(index).pack())

crates/typst-html/src/encode.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::fmt::Write;
 
 use typst_library::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult, StrResult};
 use typst_library::foundations::Repr;
-use typst_library::html::{charsets, tag, HtmlDocument, HtmlElement, HtmlNode};
+use typst_library::html::{charsets, tag, HtmlDocument, HtmlElement, HtmlNode, HtmlTag};
 use typst_library::layout::Frame;
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 
@@ -12,15 +12,19 @@ pub fn html(document: &HtmlDocument) -> SourceResult<String> {
     w.buf.push_str("<!DOCTYPE html>");
     write_indent(&mut w);
     write_element(&mut w, &document.root)?;
+    if w.pretty {
+        w.buf.push('\n');
+    }
     Ok(w.buf)
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Writer {
+    /// The output buffer.
     buf: String,
-    /// current indentation level
+    /// The current indentation level
     level: usize,
-    /// pretty printing enabled?
+    /// Whether pretty printing is enabled.
     pretty: bool,
 }
 
@@ -85,26 +89,32 @@ fn write_element(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
 
     let pretty = w.pretty;
     if !element.children.is_empty() {
-        w.pretty &= is_pretty(element);
+        let pretty_inside = allows_pretty_inside(element.tag)
+            && element.children.iter().any(|node| match node {
+                HtmlNode::Element(child) => wants_pretty_around(child.tag),
+                _ => false,
+            });
+
+        w.pretty &= pretty_inside;
         let mut indent = w.pretty;
 
         w.level += 1;
         for c in &element.children {
-            let pretty_child = match c {
+            let pretty_around = match c {
                 HtmlNode::Tag(_) => continue,
-                HtmlNode::Element(element) => is_pretty(element),
+                HtmlNode::Element(child) => w.pretty && wants_pretty_around(child.tag),
                 HtmlNode::Text(..) | HtmlNode::Frame(_) => false,
             };
 
-            if core::mem::take(&mut indent) || pretty_child {
+            if core::mem::take(&mut indent) || pretty_around {
                 write_indent(w);
             }
             write_node(w, c)?;
-            indent = pretty_child;
+            indent = pretty_around;
         }
         w.level -= 1;
 
-        write_indent(w)
+        write_indent(w);
     }
     w.pretty = pretty;
 
@@ -115,9 +125,27 @@ fn write_element(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Whether the element should be pretty-printed.
-fn is_pretty(element: &HtmlElement) -> bool {
-    tag::is_block_by_default(element.tag) || matches!(element.tag, tag::meta)
+/// Whether we are allowed to add an extra newline at the start and end of the
+/// element's contents.
+///
+/// Technically, users can change CSS `display` properties such that the
+/// insertion of whitespace may actually impact the visual output. For example,
+/// <https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/#example-af2745cd> shows how adding CSS
+/// rules to `<p>` can make it sensitive to whitespace. For this reason, we
+/// should also respect the `style` tag in the future.
+fn allows_pretty_inside(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+    (tag::is_block_by_default(tag) && tag != tag::pre)
+        || tag::is_tabular_by_default(tag)
+        || tag == tag::li
+}
+
+/// Whether newlines should be added before and after the element if the parent
+/// allows it.
+///
+/// In contrast to `allows_pretty_inside`, which is purely spec-driven, this is
+/// more subjective and depends on preference.
+fn wants_pretty_around(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+    allows_pretty_inside(tag) || tag::is_metadata(tag) || tag == tag::pre
 }
 
 /// Escape a character.

crates/typst-html/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ use typst_library::html::{
 use typst_library::introspection::{
     Introspector, Locator, LocatorLink, SplitLocator, TagElem,
 };
-use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axes, BoxElem, Region, Size};
+use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axes, BlockBody, BlockElem, BoxElem, Region, Size};
 use typst_library::model::{DocumentInfo, ParElem};
-use typst_library::routines::{Arenas, Pair, RealizationKind, Routines};
+use typst_library::routines::{Arenas, FragmentKind, Pair, RealizationKind, Routines};
 use typst_library::text::{LinebreakElem, SmartQuoteElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
 use typst_library::World;
 use typst_syntax::Span;
@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ fn html_fragment_impl(
 
     let arenas = Arenas::default();
     let children = (engine.routines.realize)(
-        RealizationKind::HtmlFragment,
+        // No need to know about the `FragmentKind` because we handle both
+        // uniformly.
+        RealizationKind::HtmlFragment(&mut FragmentKind::Block),
         &mut engine,
         &mut locator,
         &arenas,
@@ -189,7 +191,8 @@ fn handle(
         };
         output.push(element.into());
     } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<ParElem>() {
-        let children = handle_list(engine, locator, elem.children.iter(&styles))?;
+        let children =
+            html_fragment(engine, &elem.body, locator.next(&elem.span()), styles)?;
         output.push(
             HtmlElement::new(tag::p)
                 .with_children(children)
@@ -197,13 +200,34 @@ fn handle(
                 .into(),
         );
     } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<BoxElem>() {
-        // FIXME: Very incomplete and hacky, but makes boxes kind fulfill their
-        // purpose for now.
+        // TODO: This is rather incomplete.
         if let Some(body) = elem.body(styles) {
             let children =
                 html_fragment(engine, body, locator.next(&elem.span()), styles)?;
-            output.extend(children);
+            output.push(
+                HtmlElement::new(tag::span)
+                    .with_attr(attr::style, "display: inline-block;")
+                    .with_children(children)
+                    .spanned(elem.span())
+                    .into(),
+            )
         }
+    } else if let Some((elem, body)) =
+        child
+            .to_packed::<BlockElem>()
+            .and_then(|elem| match elem.body(styles) {
+                Some(BlockBody::Content(body)) => Some((elem, body)),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+    {
+        // TODO: This is rather incomplete.
+        let children = html_fragment(engine, body, locator.next(&elem.span()), styles)?;
+        output.push(
+            HtmlElement::new(tag::div)
+                .with_children(children)
+                .spanned(elem.span())
+                .into(),
+        );
     } else if child.is::<SpaceElem>() {
         output.push(HtmlNode::text(' ', child.span()));
     } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<TextElem>() {

crates/typst-ide/src/complete.rs

@@ -817,19 +817,8 @@ fn param_value_completions<'a>(
 ) {
     if param.name == "font" {
         ctx.font_completions();
-    } else if param.name == "path" {
-        ctx.file_completions_with_extensions(match func.name() {
-            Some("image") => &["png", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif", "svg", "svgz"],
-            Some("csv") => &["csv"],
-            Some("plugin") => &["wasm"],
-            Some("cbor") => &["cbor"],
-            Some("json") => &["json"],
-            Some("toml") => &["toml"],
-            Some("xml") => &["xml"],
-            Some("yaml") => &["yml", "yaml"],
-            Some("bibliography") => &["bib", "yml", "yaml"],
-            _ => &[],
-        });
+    } else if let Some(extensions) = path_completion(func, param) {
+        ctx.file_completions_with_extensions(extensions);
     } else if func.name() == Some("figure") && param.name == "body" {
         ctx.snippet_completion("image", "image(\"${}\"),", "An image in a figure.");
         ctx.snippet_completion("table", "table(\n  ${}\n),", "A table in a figure.");
@@ -838,6 +827,28 @@ fn param_value_completions<'a>(
     ctx.cast_completions(&param.input);
 }
 
+/// Returns which file extensions to complete for the given parameter if any.
+fn path_completion(func: &Func, param: &ParamInfo) -> Option<&'static [&'static str]> {
+    Some(match (func.name(), param.name) {
+        (Some("image"), "source") => &["png", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif", "svg", "svgz"],
+        (Some("csv"), "source") => &["csv"],
+        (Some("plugin"), "source") => &["wasm"],
+        (Some("cbor"), "source") => &["cbor"],
+        (Some("json"), "source") => &["json"],
+        (Some("toml"), "source") => &["toml"],
+        (Some("xml"), "source") => &["xml"],
+        (Some("yaml"), "source") => &["yml", "yaml"],
+        (Some("bibliography"), "sources") => &["bib", "yml", "yaml"],
+        (Some("bibliography"), "style") => &["csl"],
+        (Some("cite"), "style") => &["csl"],
+        (Some("raw"), "syntaxes") => &["sublime-syntax"],
+        (Some("raw"), "theme") => &["tmtheme"],
+        (Some("embed"), "path") => &[],
+        (None, "path") => &[],
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
 /// Resolve a callee expression to a global function.
 fn resolve_global_callee<'a>(
     ctx: &CompletionContext<'a>,

crates/typst-ide/src/matchers.rs

@@ -89,15 +89,21 @@ pub fn named_items<T>(
                     // ```
                     Some(ast::Imports::Items(items)) => {
                         for item in items.iter() {
-                            let original = item.original_name();
                             let bound = item.bound_name();
-                            let scope = source.and_then(|(value, _)| value.scope());
-                            let span = scope
-                                .and_then(|s| s.get_span(&original))
-                                .unwrap_or(Span::detached())
-                                .or(bound.span());
 
-                            let value = scope.and_then(|s| s.get(&original));
+                            let (span, value) = item.path().iter().fold(
+                                (bound.span(), source.map(|(value, _)| value)),
+                                |(span, value), path_ident| {
+                                    let scope = value.and_then(|v| v.scope());
+                                    let span = scope
+                                        .and_then(|s| s.get_span(&path_ident))
+                                        .unwrap_or(Span::detached())
+                                        .or(span);
+                                    let value = scope.and_then(|s| s.get(&path_ident));
+                                    (span, value)
+                                },
+                            );
+
                             if let Some(res) =
                                 recv(NamedItem::Import(bound.get(), span, value))
                             {
@@ -269,16 +275,18 @@ mod tests {
     use std::borrow::Borrow;
 
     use ecow::EcoString;
+    use typst::foundations::Value;
     use typst::syntax::{LinkedNode, Side};
 
     use super::named_items;
-    use crate::tests::{FilePos, WorldLike};
+    use crate::tests::{FilePos, TestWorld, WorldLike};
 
-    type Response = Vec<EcoString>;
+    type Response = Vec<(EcoString, Option<Value>)>;
 
     trait ResponseExt {
         fn must_include<'a>(&self, includes: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>) -> &Self;
         fn must_exclude<'a>(&self, excludes: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>) -> &Self;
+        fn must_include_value(&self, name_value: (&str, Option<&Value>)) -> &Self;
     }
 
     impl ResponseExt for Response {
@@ -286,7 +294,7 @@ mod tests {
         fn must_include<'a>(&self, includes: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>) -> &Self {
             for item in includes {
                 assert!(
-                    self.iter().any(|v| v == item),
+                    self.iter().any(|v| v.0 == item),
                     "{item:?} was not contained in {self:?}",
                 );
             }
@@ -297,12 +305,21 @@ mod tests {
         fn must_exclude<'a>(&self, excludes: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>) -> &Self {
             for item in excludes {
                 assert!(
-                    !self.iter().any(|v| v == item),
+                    !self.iter().any(|v| v.0 == item),
                     "{item:?} was wrongly contained in {self:?}",
                 );
             }
             self
         }
+
+        #[track_caller]
+        fn must_include_value(&self, name_value: (&str, Option<&Value>)) -> &Self {
+            assert!(
+                self.iter().any(|v| (v.0.as_str(), v.1.as_ref()) == name_value),
+                "{name_value:?} was not contained in {self:?}",
+            );
+            self
+        }
     }
 
     #[track_caller]
@@ -314,7 +331,7 @@ mod tests {
         let leaf = node.leaf_at(cursor, Side::After).unwrap();
         let mut items = vec![];
         named_items(world, leaf, |s| {
-            items.push(s.name().clone());
+            items.push((s.name().clone(), s.value().clone()));
             None::<()>
         });
         items
@@ -340,5 +357,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_named_items_import() {
         test("#import \"foo.typ\": a; #(a);", 2).must_include(["a"]);
+
+        let world = TestWorld::new("#import \"foo.typ\": a.b; #(b);")
+            .with_source("foo.typ", "#import \"a.typ\"")
+            .with_source("a.typ", "#let b = 1;");
+        test(&world, 2).must_include_value(("b", Some(&Value::Int(1))));
     }
 }

crates/typst-ide/src/tests.rs

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl TestWorld {
     pub fn with_asset_at(mut self, path: &str, filename: &str) -> Self {
         let id = FileId::new(None, VirtualPath::new(path));
         let data = typst_dev_assets::get_by_name(filename).unwrap();
-        let bytes = Bytes::from_static(data);
+        let bytes = Bytes::new(data);
         Arc::make_mut(&mut self.files).assets.insert(id, bytes);
         self
     }
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ impl Default for TestBase {
     fn default() -> Self {
         let fonts: Vec<_> = typst_assets::fonts()
             .chain(typst_dev_assets::fonts())
-            .flat_map(|data| Font::iter(Bytes::from_static(data)))
+            .flat_map(|data| Font::iter(Bytes::new(data)))
             .collect();
 
         Self {

crates/typst-kit/src/fonts.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::OnceLock;
 
 use fontdb::{Database, Source};
+use typst_library::foundations::Bytes;
 use typst_library::text::{Font, FontBook, FontInfo};
 use typst_timing::TimingScope;
 
@@ -52,9 +53,8 @@ impl FontSlot {
                         .as_ref()
                         .expect("`path` is not `None` if `font` is uninitialized"),
                 )
-                .ok()?
-                .into();
-                Font::new(data, self.index)
+                .ok()?;
+                Font::new(Bytes::new(data), self.index)
             })
             .clone()
     }
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ impl FontSearcher {
     #[cfg(feature = "embed-fonts")]
     fn add_embedded(&mut self) {
         for data in typst_assets::fonts() {
-            let buffer = typst_library::foundations::Bytes::from_static(data);
+            let buffer = Bytes::new(data);
             for (i, font) in Font::iter(buffer).enumerate() {
                 self.book.push(font.info().clone());
                 self.fonts.push(FontSlot {

crates/typst-layout/src/flow/collect.rs

@@ -20,12 +20,16 @@ use typst_library::model::ParElem;
 use typst_library::routines::{Pair, Routines};
 use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 use typst_library::World;
+use typst_utils::SliceExt;
 
-use super::{layout_multi_block, layout_single_block};
+use super::{layout_multi_block, layout_single_block, FlowMode};
+use crate::inline::ParSituation;
+use crate::modifiers::layout_and_modify;
 
 /// Collects all elements of the flow into prepared children. These are much
 /// simpler to handle than the raw elements.
 #[typst_macros::time]
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn collect<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
     bump: &'a Bump,
@@ -33,6 +37,7 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
     locator: Locator<'a>,
     base: Size,
     expand: bool,
+    mode: FlowMode,
 ) -> SourceResult<Vec<Child<'a>>> {
     Collector {
         engine,
@@ -42,9 +47,9 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
         base,
         expand,
         output: Vec::with_capacity(children.len()),
-        last_was_par: false,
+        par_situation: ParSituation::First,
     }
-    .run()
+    .run(mode)
 }
 
 /// State for collection.
@@ -56,12 +61,20 @@ struct Collector<'a, 'x, 'y> {
     expand: bool,
     locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
     output: Vec<Child<'a>>,
-    last_was_par: bool,
+    par_situation: ParSituation,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Collector<'a, '_, '_> {
     /// Perform the collection.
-    fn run(mut self) -> SourceResult<Vec<Child<'a>>> {
+    fn run(self, mode: FlowMode) -> SourceResult<Vec<Child<'a>>> {
+        match mode {
+            FlowMode::Root | FlowMode::Block => self.run_block(),
+            FlowMode::Inline => self.run_inline(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Perform collection for block-level children.
+    fn run_block(mut self) -> SourceResult<Vec<Child<'a>>> {
         for &(child, styles) in self.children {
             if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
                 self.output.push(Child::Tag(&elem.tag));
@@ -94,6 +107,42 @@ impl<'a> Collector<'a, '_, '_> {
         Ok(self.output)
     }
 
+    /// Perform collection for inline-level children.
+    fn run_inline(mut self) -> SourceResult<Vec<Child<'a>>> {
+        // Extract leading and trailing tags.
+        let (start, end) = self.children.split_prefix_suffix(|(c, _)| c.is::<TagElem>());
+        let inner = &self.children[start..end];
+
+        // Compute the shared styles, ignoring tags.
+        let styles = StyleChain::trunk(inner.iter().map(|&(_, s)| s)).unwrap_or_default();
+
+        // Layout the lines.
+        let lines = crate::inline::layout_inline(
+            self.engine,
+            inner,
+            &mut self.locator,
+            styles,
+            self.base,
+            self.expand,
+            None,
+        )?
+        .into_frames();
+
+        for (c, _) in &self.children[..start] {
+            let elem = c.to_packed::<TagElem>().unwrap();
+            self.output.push(Child::Tag(&elem.tag));
+        }
+
+        self.lines(lines, styles);
+
+        for (c, _) in &self.children[end..] {
+            let elem = c.to_packed::<TagElem>().unwrap();
+            self.output.push(Child::Tag(&elem.tag));
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.output)
+    }
+
     /// Collect vertical spacing into a relative or fractional child.
     fn v(&mut self, elem: &'a Packed<VElem>, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
         self.output.push(match elem.amount {
@@ -109,24 +158,34 @@ impl<'a> Collector<'a, '_, '_> {
         elem: &'a Packed<ParElem>,
         styles: StyleChain<'a>,
     ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
-        let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
-        let spacing = ParElem::spacing_in(styles);
-        let costs = TextElem::costs_in(styles);
-
-        let lines = crate::layout_inline(
+        let lines = crate::inline::layout_par(
+            elem,
             self.engine,
-            &elem.children,
             self.locator.next(&elem.span()),
             styles,
-            self.last_was_par,
             self.base,
             self.expand,
+            self.par_situation,
         )?
         .into_frames();
 
+        let spacing = ParElem::spacing_in(styles);
         self.output.push(Child::Rel(spacing.into(), 4));
 
+        self.lines(lines, styles);
+
+        self.output.push(Child::Rel(spacing.into(), 4));
+        self.par_situation = ParSituation::Consecutive;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Collect laid-out lines.
+    fn lines(&mut self, lines: Vec<Frame>, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
+        let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
+        let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
+        let costs = TextElem::costs_in(styles);
+
         // Determine whether to prevent widow and orphans.
         let len = lines.len();
         let prevent_orphans =
@@ -165,11 +224,6 @@ impl<'a> Collector<'a, '_, '_> {
             self.output
                 .push(Child::Line(self.boxed(LineChild { frame, align, need })));
         }
-
-        self.output.push(Child::Rel(spacing.into(), 4));
-        self.last_was_par = true;
-
-        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Collect a block into a [`SingleChild`] or [`MultiChild`] depending on
@@ -218,7 +272,7 @@ impl<'a> Collector<'a, '_, '_> {
         };
 
         self.output.push(spacing(elem.below(styles)));
-        self.last_was_par = false;
+        self.par_situation = ParSituation::Other;
     }
 
     /// Collects a placed element into a [`PlacedChild`].
@@ -377,8 +431,9 @@ fn layout_single_impl(
         route: Route::extend(route),
     };
 
-    layout_single_block(elem, &mut engine, locator, styles, region)
-        .map(|frame| frame.post_processed(styles))
+    layout_and_modify(styles, |styles| {
+        layout_single_block(elem, &mut engine, locator, styles, region)
+    })
 }
 
 /// A child that encapsulates a prepared breakable block.
@@ -473,11 +528,8 @@ fn layout_multi_impl(
         route: Route::extend(route),
     };
 
-    layout_multi_block(elem, &mut engine, locator, styles, regions).map(|mut fragment| {
-        for frame in &mut fragment {
-            frame.post_process(styles);
-        }
-        fragment
+    layout_and_modify(styles, |styles| {
+        layout_multi_block(elem, &mut engine, locator, styles, regions)
     })
 }
 
@@ -579,20 +631,23 @@ impl PlacedChild<'_> {
         self.cell.get_or_init(base, |base| {
             let align = self.alignment.unwrap_or_else(|| Alignment::CENTER);
             let aligned = AlignElem::set_alignment(align).wrap();
+            let styles = self.styles.chain(&aligned);
 
-            let mut frame = crate::layout_frame(
-                engine,
-                &self.elem.body,
-                self.locator.relayout(),
-                self.styles.chain(&aligned),
-                Region::new(base, Axes::splat(false)),
-            )?;
+            let mut frame = layout_and_modify(styles, |styles| {
+                crate::layout_frame(
+                    engine,
+                    &self.elem.body,
+                    self.locator.relayout(),
+                    styles,
+                    Region::new(base, Axes::splat(false)),
+                )
+            })?;
 
             if self.float {
                 frame.set_parent(self.elem.location().unwrap());
             }
 
-            Ok(frame.post_processed(self.styles))
+            Ok(frame)
         })
     }
 

crates/typst-layout/src/flow/compose.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ use typst_library::model::{
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::{NonZeroExt, Numeric};
 
-use super::{distribute, Config, FlowResult, LineNumberConfig, PlacedChild, Stop, Work};
+use super::{
+    distribute, Config, FlowMode, FlowResult, LineNumberConfig, PlacedChild, Stop, Work,
+};
 
 /// Composes the contents of a single page/region. A region can have multiple
 /// columns/subregions.
@@ -356,7 +358,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Composer<'a, 'b, '_, '_> {
         migratable: bool,
     ) -> FlowResult<()> {
         // Footnotes are only supported at the root level.
-        if !self.config.root {
+        if self.config.mode != FlowMode::Root {
             return Ok(());
         }
 

crates/typst-layout/src/flow/mod.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use typst_library::layout::{
     Regions, Rel, Size,
 };
 use typst_library::model::{FootnoteElem, FootnoteEntry, LineNumberingScope, ParLine};
-use typst_library::routines::{Arenas, Pair, RealizationKind, Routines};
+use typst_library::routines::{Arenas, FragmentKind, Pair, RealizationKind, Routines};
 use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 use typst_library::World;
 use typst_utils::{NonZeroExt, Numeric};
@@ -140,9 +140,10 @@ fn layout_fragment_impl(
 
     engine.route.check_layout_depth().at(content.span())?;
 
+    let mut kind = FragmentKind::Block;
     let arenas = Arenas::default();
     let children = (engine.routines.realize)(
-        RealizationKind::LayoutFragment,
+        RealizationKind::LayoutFragment(&mut kind),
         &mut engine,
         &mut locator,
         &arenas,
@@ -158,25 +159,46 @@ fn layout_fragment_impl(
         regions,
         columns,
         column_gutter,
-        false,
+        kind.into(),
     )
 }
 
+/// The mode a flow can be laid out in.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FlowMode {
+    /// A root flow with block-level elements. Like `FlowMode::Block`, but can
+    /// additionally host footnotes and line numbers.
+    Root,
+    /// A flow whose children are block-level elements.
+    Block,
+    /// A flow whose children are inline-level elements.
+    Inline,
+}
+
+impl From<FragmentKind> for FlowMode {
+    fn from(value: FragmentKind) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            FragmentKind::Inline => Self::Inline,
+            FragmentKind::Block => Self::Block,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Lays out realized content into regions, potentially with columns.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-pub(crate) fn layout_flow(
+pub fn layout_flow<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    children: &[Pair],
-    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
-    shared: StyleChain,
+    children: &[Pair<'a>],
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
+    shared: StyleChain<'a>,
     mut regions: Regions,
     columns: NonZeroUsize,
     column_gutter: Rel<Abs>,
-    root: bool,
+    mode: FlowMode,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
     // Prepare configuration that is shared across the whole flow.
     let config = Config {
-        root,
+        mode,
         shared,
         columns: {
             let mut count = columns.get();
@@ -195,7 +217,7 @@ pub(crate) fn layout_flow(
             gap: FootnoteEntry::gap_in(shared),
             expand: regions.expand.x,
         },
-        line_numbers: root.then(|| LineNumberConfig {
+        line_numbers: (mode == FlowMode::Root).then(|| LineNumberConfig {
             scope: ParLine::numbering_scope_in(shared),
             default_clearance: {
                 let width = if PageElem::flipped_in(shared) {
@@ -225,6 +247,7 @@ pub(crate) fn layout_flow(
         locator.next(&()),
         Size::new(config.columns.width, regions.full),
         regions.expand.x,
+        mode,
     )?;
 
     let mut work = Work::new(&children);
@@ -318,7 +341,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Work<'a, 'b> {
 struct Config<'x> {
     /// Whether this is the root flow, which can host footnotes and line
     /// numbers.
-    root: bool,
+    mode: FlowMode,
     /// The styles shared by the whole flow. This is used for footnotes and line
     /// numbers.
     shared: StyleChain<'x>,

crates/typst-layout/src/grid/layouter.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use typst_library::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
 use typst_library::foundations::{Resolve, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{Cell, CellGrid, LinePosition, Repeatable};
 use typst_library::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, Dir, Fr, Fragment, Frame, FrameItem, Length, Point, Region, Regions, Rel,
     Size, Sizing,
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@ use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::{MaybeReverseIter, Numeric};
 
 use super::{
-    generate_line_segments, hline_stroke_at_column, vline_stroke_at_row, Cell, CellGrid,
-    LinePosition, LineSegment, Repeatable, Rowspan, UnbreakableRowGroup,
+    generate_line_segments, hline_stroke_at_column, layout_cell, vline_stroke_at_row,
+    LineSegment, Rowspan, UnbreakableRowGroup,
 };
 
 /// Performs grid layout.
@@ -843,7 +844,8 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
                 let size = Size::new(available, height);
                 let pod = Region::new(size, Axes::splat(false));
-                let frame = cell.layout(engine, 0, self.styles, pod.into())?.into_frame();
+                let frame =
+                    layout_cell(cell, engine, 0, self.styles, pod.into())?.into_frame();
                 resolved.set_max(frame.width() - already_covered_width);
             }
 
@@ -1086,7 +1088,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             };
 
             let frames =
-                cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?.into_frames();
+                layout_cell(cell, engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?.into_frames();
 
             // Skip the first region if one cell in it is empty. Then,
             // remeasure.
@@ -1252,9 +1254,9 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
                         // rows.
                         pod.full = self.regions.full;
                     }
-                    let frame = cell
-                        .layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?
-                        .into_frame();
+                    let frame =
+                        layout_cell(cell, engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?
+                            .into_frame();
                     let mut pos = pos;
                     if self.is_rtl {
                         // In the grid, cell colspans expand to the right,
@@ -1310,7 +1312,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
 
                     // Push the layouted frames into the individual output frames.
                     let fragment =
-                        cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
+                        layout_cell(cell, engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
                     for (output, frame) in outputs.iter_mut().zip(fragment) {
                         let mut pos = pos;
                         if self.is_rtl {

crates/typst-layout/src/grid/lines.rs

@@ -1,41 +1,11 @@
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use typst_library::foundations::{AlternativeFold, Fold};
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{CellGrid, Line, Repeatable};
 use typst_library::layout::Abs;
 use typst_library::visualize::Stroke;
 
-use super::{CellGrid, LinePosition, Repeatable, RowPiece};
-
-/// Represents an explicit grid line (horizontal or vertical) specified by the
-/// user.
-pub struct Line {
-    /// The index of the track after this line. This will be the index of the
-    /// row a horizontal line is above of, or of the column right after a
-    /// vertical line.
-    ///
-    /// Must be within `0..=tracks.len()` (where `tracks` is either `grid.cols`
-    /// or `grid.rows`, ignoring gutter tracks, as appropriate).
-    pub index: usize,
-    /// The index of the track at which this line starts being drawn.
-    /// This is the first column a horizontal line appears in, or the first row
-    /// a vertical line appears in.
-    ///
-    /// Must be within `0..tracks.len()` minus gutter tracks.
-    pub start: usize,
-    /// The index after the last track through which the line is drawn.
-    /// Thus, the line is drawn through tracks `start..end` (note that `end` is
-    /// exclusive).
-    ///
-    /// Must be within `1..=tracks.len()` minus gutter tracks.
-    /// `None` indicates the line should go all the way to the end.
-    pub end: Option<NonZeroUsize>,
-    /// The line's stroke. This is `None` when the line is explicitly used to
-    /// override a previously specified line.
-    pub stroke: Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>,
-    /// The line's position in relation to the track with its index.
-    pub position: LinePosition,
-}
+use super::RowPiece;
 
 /// Indicates which priority a particular grid line segment should have, based
 /// on the highest priority configuration that defined the segment's stroke.
@@ -588,13 +558,13 @@ pub fn hline_stroke_at_column(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
     use typst_library::foundations::Content;
     use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
+    use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{Cell, Entry, LinePosition};
     use typst_library::layout::{Axes, Sides, Sizing};
     use typst_utils::NonZeroExt;
 
-    use super::super::cells::Entry;
-    use super::super::Cell;
     use super::*;
 
     fn sample_cell() -> Cell<'static> {

crates/typst-layout/src/grid/mod.rs

@@ -1,40 +1,44 @@
-mod cells;
 mod layouter;
 mod lines;
 mod repeated;
 mod rowspans;
 
-pub use self::cells::{Cell, CellGrid};
 pub use self::layouter::GridLayouter;
 
-use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use ecow::eco_format;
-use typst_library::diag::{SourceResult, Trace, Tracepoint};
+use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Fold, Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
-use typst_library::layout::{
-    Abs, Alignment, Axes, Dir, Fragment, GridCell, GridChild, GridElem, GridItem, Length,
-    OuterHAlignment, OuterVAlignment, Regions, Rel, Sides,
-};
-use typst_library::model::{TableCell, TableChild, TableElem, TableItem};
-use typst_library::text::TextElem;
-use typst_library::visualize::{Paint, Stroke};
-use typst_syntax::Span;
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{grid_to_cellgrid, table_to_cellgrid, Cell};
+use typst_library::layout::{Fragment, GridElem, Regions};
+use typst_library::model::TableElem;
 
-use self::cells::{
-    LinePosition, ResolvableCell, ResolvableGridChild, ResolvableGridItem,
-};
 use self::layouter::RowPiece;
 use self::lines::{
-    generate_line_segments, hline_stroke_at_column, vline_stroke_at_row, Line,
-    LineSegment,
+    generate_line_segments, hline_stroke_at_column, vline_stroke_at_row, LineSegment,
 };
-use self::repeated::{Footer, Header, Repeatable};
 use self::rowspans::{Rowspan, UnbreakableRowGroup};
 
+/// Layout the cell into the given regions.
+///
+/// The `disambiguator` indicates which instance of this cell this should be
+/// layouted as. For normal cells, it is always `0`, but for headers and
+/// footers, it indicates the index of the header/footer among all. See the
+/// [`Locator`] docs for more details on the concepts behind this.
+pub fn layout_cell(
+    cell: &Cell,
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    disambiguator: usize,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+    regions: Regions,
+) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
+    let mut locator = cell.locator.relayout();
+    if disambiguator > 0 {
+        locator = locator.split().next_inner(disambiguator as u128);
+    }
+    crate::layout_fragment(engine, &cell.body, locator, styles, regions)
+}
+
 /// Layout the grid.
 #[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
 pub fn layout_grid(
@@ -44,54 +48,8 @@ pub fn layout_grid(
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-    let inset = elem.inset(styles);
-    let align = elem.align(styles);
-    let columns = elem.columns(styles);
-    let rows = elem.rows(styles);
-    let column_gutter = elem.column_gutter(styles);
-    let row_gutter = elem.row_gutter(styles);
-    let fill = elem.fill(styles);
-    let stroke = elem.stroke(styles);
-
-    let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
-    let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
-    // Use trace to link back to the grid when a specific cell errors
-    let tracepoint = || Tracepoint::Call(Some(eco_format!("grid")));
-    let resolve_item = |item: &GridItem| grid_item_to_resolvable(item, styles);
-    let children = elem.children().iter().map(|child| match child {
-        GridChild::Header(header) => ResolvableGridChild::Header {
-            repeat: header.repeat(styles),
-            span: header.span(),
-            items: header.children().iter().map(resolve_item),
-        },
-        GridChild::Footer(footer) => ResolvableGridChild::Footer {
-            repeat: footer.repeat(styles),
-            span: footer.span(),
-            items: footer.children().iter().map(resolve_item),
-        },
-        GridChild::Item(item) => {
-            ResolvableGridChild::Item(grid_item_to_resolvable(item, styles))
-        }
-    });
-    let grid = CellGrid::resolve(
-        tracks,
-        gutter,
-        locator,
-        children,
-        fill,
-        align,
-        &inset,
-        &stroke,
-        engine,
-        styles,
-        elem.span(),
-    )
-    .trace(engine.world, tracepoint, elem.span())?;
-
-    let layouter = GridLayouter::new(&grid, regions, styles, elem.span());
-
-    // Measure the columns and layout the grid row-by-row.
-    layouter.layout(engine)
+    let grid = grid_to_cellgrid(elem, engine, locator, styles)?;
+    GridLayouter::new(&grid, regions, styles, elem.span()).layout(engine)
 }
 
 /// Layout the table.
@@ -103,314 +61,6 @@ pub fn layout_table(
     styles: StyleChain,
     regions: Regions,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-    let inset = elem.inset(styles);
-    let align = elem.align(styles);
-    let columns = elem.columns(styles);
-    let rows = elem.rows(styles);
-    let column_gutter = elem.column_gutter(styles);
-    let row_gutter = elem.row_gutter(styles);
-    let fill = elem.fill(styles);
-    let stroke = elem.stroke(styles);
-
-    let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
-    let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
-    // Use trace to link back to the table when a specific cell errors
-    let tracepoint = || Tracepoint::Call(Some(eco_format!("table")));
-    let resolve_item = |item: &TableItem| table_item_to_resolvable(item, styles);
-    let children = elem.children().iter().map(|child| match child {
-        TableChild::Header(header) => ResolvableGridChild::Header {
-            repeat: header.repeat(styles),
-            span: header.span(),
-            items: header.children().iter().map(resolve_item),
-        },
-        TableChild::Footer(footer) => ResolvableGridChild::Footer {
-            repeat: footer.repeat(styles),
-            span: footer.span(),
-            items: footer.children().iter().map(resolve_item),
-        },
-        TableChild::Item(item) => {
-            ResolvableGridChild::Item(table_item_to_resolvable(item, styles))
-        }
-    });
-    let grid = CellGrid::resolve(
-        tracks,
-        gutter,
-        locator,
-        children,
-        fill,
-        align,
-        &inset,
-        &stroke,
-        engine,
-        styles,
-        elem.span(),
-    )
-    .trace(engine.world, tracepoint, elem.span())?;
-
-    let layouter = GridLayouter::new(&grid, regions, styles, elem.span());
-    layouter.layout(engine)
-}
-
-fn grid_item_to_resolvable(
-    item: &GridItem,
-    styles: StyleChain,
-) -> ResolvableGridItem<Packed<GridCell>> {
-    match item {
-        GridItem::HLine(hline) => ResolvableGridItem::HLine {
-            y: hline.y(styles),
-            start: hline.start(styles),
-            end: hline.end(styles),
-            stroke: hline.stroke(styles),
-            span: hline.span(),
-            position: match hline.position(styles) {
-                OuterVAlignment::Top => LinePosition::Before,
-                OuterVAlignment::Bottom => LinePosition::After,
-            },
-        },
-        GridItem::VLine(vline) => ResolvableGridItem::VLine {
-            x: vline.x(styles),
-            start: vline.start(styles),
-            end: vline.end(styles),
-            stroke: vline.stroke(styles),
-            span: vline.span(),
-            position: match vline.position(styles) {
-                OuterHAlignment::Left if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
-                    LinePosition::After
-                }
-                OuterHAlignment::Right if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
-                    LinePosition::Before
-                }
-                OuterHAlignment::Start | OuterHAlignment::Left => LinePosition::Before,
-                OuterHAlignment::End | OuterHAlignment::Right => LinePosition::After,
-            },
-        },
-        GridItem::Cell(cell) => ResolvableGridItem::Cell(cell.clone()),
-    }
-}
-
-fn table_item_to_resolvable(
-    item: &TableItem,
-    styles: StyleChain,
-) -> ResolvableGridItem<Packed<TableCell>> {
-    match item {
-        TableItem::HLine(hline) => ResolvableGridItem::HLine {
-            y: hline.y(styles),
-            start: hline.start(styles),
-            end: hline.end(styles),
-            stroke: hline.stroke(styles),
-            span: hline.span(),
-            position: match hline.position(styles) {
-                OuterVAlignment::Top => LinePosition::Before,
-                OuterVAlignment::Bottom => LinePosition::After,
-            },
-        },
-        TableItem::VLine(vline) => ResolvableGridItem::VLine {
-            x: vline.x(styles),
-            start: vline.start(styles),
-            end: vline.end(styles),
-            stroke: vline.stroke(styles),
-            span: vline.span(),
-            position: match vline.position(styles) {
-                OuterHAlignment::Left if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
-                    LinePosition::After
-                }
-                OuterHAlignment::Right if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
-                    LinePosition::Before
-                }
-                OuterHAlignment::Start | OuterHAlignment::Left => LinePosition::Before,
-                OuterHAlignment::End | OuterHAlignment::Right => LinePosition::After,
-            },
-        },
-        TableItem::Cell(cell) => ResolvableGridItem::Cell(cell.clone()),
-    }
-}
-
-impl ResolvableCell for Packed<TableCell> {
-    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
-        mut self,
-        x: usize,
-        y: usize,
-        fill: &Option<Paint>,
-        align: Smart<Alignment>,
-        inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
-        stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
-        breakable: bool,
-        locator: Locator<'a>,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> Cell<'a> {
-        let cell = &mut *self;
-        let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
-        let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
-        let breakable = cell.breakable(styles).unwrap_or(breakable);
-        let fill = cell.fill(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| fill.clone());
-
-        let cell_stroke = cell.stroke(styles);
-        let stroke_overridden =
-            cell_stroke.as_ref().map(|side| matches!(side, Some(Some(_))));
-
-        // Using a typical 'Sides' fold, an unspecified side loses to a
-        // specified side. Additionally, when both are specified, an inner
-        // None wins over the outer Some, and vice-versa. When both are
-        // specified and Some, fold occurs, which, remarkably, leads to an Arc
-        // clone.
-        //
-        // In the end, we flatten because, for layout purposes, an unspecified
-        // cell stroke is the same as specifying 'none', so we equate the two
-        // concepts.
-        let stroke = cell_stroke.fold(stroke).map(Option::flatten);
-        cell.push_x(Smart::Custom(x));
-        cell.push_y(Smart::Custom(y));
-        cell.push_fill(Smart::Custom(fill.clone()));
-        cell.push_align(match align {
-            Smart::Custom(align) => {
-                Smart::Custom(cell.align(styles).map_or(align, |inner| inner.fold(align)))
-            }
-            // Don't fold if the table is using outer alignment. Use the
-            // cell's alignment instead (which, in the end, will fold with
-            // the outer alignment when it is effectively displayed).
-            Smart::Auto => cell.align(styles),
-        });
-        cell.push_inset(Smart::Custom(
-            cell.inset(styles).map_or(inset, |inner| inner.fold(inset)),
-        ));
-        cell.push_stroke(
-            // Here we convert the resolved stroke to a regular stroke, however
-            // with resolved units (that is, 'em' converted to absolute units).
-            // We also convert any stroke unspecified by both the cell and the
-            // outer stroke ('None' in the folded stroke) to 'none', that is,
-            // all sides are present in the resulting Sides object accessible
-            // by show rules on table cells.
-            stroke.as_ref().map(|side| {
-                Some(side.as_ref().map(|cell_stroke| {
-                    Arc::new((**cell_stroke).clone().map(Length::from))
-                }))
-            }),
-        );
-        cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
-        Cell {
-            body: self.pack(),
-            locator,
-            fill,
-            colspan,
-            rowspan,
-            stroke,
-            stroke_overridden,
-            breakable,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn x(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
-        (**self).x(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn y(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
-        (**self).y(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn colspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
-        (**self).colspan(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn rowspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
-        (**self).rowspan(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn span(&self) -> Span {
-        Packed::span(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl ResolvableCell for Packed<GridCell> {
-    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
-        mut self,
-        x: usize,
-        y: usize,
-        fill: &Option<Paint>,
-        align: Smart<Alignment>,
-        inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
-        stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
-        breakable: bool,
-        locator: Locator<'a>,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> Cell<'a> {
-        let cell = &mut *self;
-        let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
-        let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
-        let breakable = cell.breakable(styles).unwrap_or(breakable);
-        let fill = cell.fill(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| fill.clone());
-
-        let cell_stroke = cell.stroke(styles);
-        let stroke_overridden =
-            cell_stroke.as_ref().map(|side| matches!(side, Some(Some(_))));
-
-        // Using a typical 'Sides' fold, an unspecified side loses to a
-        // specified side. Additionally, when both are specified, an inner
-        // None wins over the outer Some, and vice-versa. When both are
-        // specified and Some, fold occurs, which, remarkably, leads to an Arc
-        // clone.
-        //
-        // In the end, we flatten because, for layout purposes, an unspecified
-        // cell stroke is the same as specifying 'none', so we equate the two
-        // concepts.
-        let stroke = cell_stroke.fold(stroke).map(Option::flatten);
-        cell.push_x(Smart::Custom(x));
-        cell.push_y(Smart::Custom(y));
-        cell.push_fill(Smart::Custom(fill.clone()));
-        cell.push_align(match align {
-            Smart::Custom(align) => {
-                Smart::Custom(cell.align(styles).map_or(align, |inner| inner.fold(align)))
-            }
-            // Don't fold if the grid is using outer alignment. Use the
-            // cell's alignment instead (which, in the end, will fold with
-            // the outer alignment when it is effectively displayed).
-            Smart::Auto => cell.align(styles),
-        });
-        cell.push_inset(Smart::Custom(
-            cell.inset(styles).map_or(inset, |inner| inner.fold(inset)),
-        ));
-        cell.push_stroke(
-            // Here we convert the resolved stroke to a regular stroke, however
-            // with resolved units (that is, 'em' converted to absolute units).
-            // We also convert any stroke unspecified by both the cell and the
-            // outer stroke ('None' in the folded stroke) to 'none', that is,
-            // all sides are present in the resulting Sides object accessible
-            // by show rules on grid cells.
-            stroke.as_ref().map(|side| {
-                Some(side.as_ref().map(|cell_stroke| {
-                    Arc::new((**cell_stroke).clone().map(Length::from))
-                }))
-            }),
-        );
-        cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
-        Cell {
-            body: self.pack(),
-            locator,
-            fill,
-            colspan,
-            rowspan,
-            stroke,
-            stroke_overridden,
-            breakable,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn x(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
-        (**self).x(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn y(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
-        (**self).y(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn colspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
-        (**self).colspan(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn rowspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
-        (**self).rowspan(styles)
-    }
-
-    fn span(&self) -> Span {
-        Packed::span(self)
-    }
+    let grid = table_to_cellgrid(elem, engine, locator, styles)?;
+    GridLayouter::new(&grid, regions, styles, elem.span()).layout(engine)
 }

crates/typst-layout/src/grid/repeated.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,11 @@
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{Footer, Header, Repeatable};
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axes, Frame, Regions};
 
 use super::layouter::GridLayouter;
 use super::rowspans::UnbreakableRowGroup;
 
-/// A repeatable grid header. Starts at the first row.
-pub struct Header {
-    /// The index after the last row included in this header.
-    pub end: usize,
-}
-
-/// A repeatable grid footer. Stops at the last row.
-pub struct Footer {
-    /// The first row included in this footer.
-    pub start: usize,
-}
-
-/// A possibly repeatable grid object.
-/// It still exists even when not repeatable, but must not have additional
-/// considerations by grid layout, other than for consistency (such as making
-/// a certain group of rows unbreakable).
-pub enum Repeatable<T> {
-    Repeated(T),
-    NotRepeated(T),
-}
-
-impl<T> Repeatable<T> {
-    /// Gets the value inside this repeatable, regardless of whether
-    /// it repeats.
-    pub fn unwrap(&self) -> &T {
-        match self {
-            Self::Repeated(repeated) => repeated,
-            Self::NotRepeated(not_repeated) => not_repeated,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `Some` if the value is repeated, `None` otherwise.
-    pub fn as_repeated(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Repeated(repeated) => Some(repeated),
-            Self::NotRepeated(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl GridLayouter<'_> {
     /// Layouts the header's rows.
     /// Skips regions as necessary.

crates/typst-layout/src/grid/rowspans.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
 use typst_library::foundations::Resolve;
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::Repeatable;
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axes, Frame, Point, Region, Regions, Size, Sizing};
 use typst_utils::MaybeReverseIter;
 
 use super::layouter::{in_last_with_offset, points, Row, RowPiece};
-use super::repeated::Repeatable;
-use super::{Cell, GridLayouter};
+use super::{layout_cell, Cell, GridLayouter};
 
 /// All information needed to layout a single rowspan.
 pub struct Rowspan {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl GridLayouter<'_> {
         }
 
         // Push the layouted frames directly into the finished frames.
-        let fragment = cell.layout(engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
+        let fragment = layout_cell(cell, engine, disambiguator, self.styles, pod)?;
         let (current_region, current_rrows) = current_region_data.unzip();
         for ((i, finished), frame) in self
             .finished

crates/typst-layout/src/image.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use std::ffi::OsStr;
 
 use typst_library::diag::{bail, warning, At, SourceResult, StrResult};
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Bytes, Derived, Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
 use typst_library::layout::{
     Abs, Axes, FixedAlignment, Frame, FrameItem, Point, Region, Size,
 };
-use typst_library::loading::Readable;
+use typst_library::loading::DataSource;
 use typst_library::text::families;
 use typst_library::visualize::{
-    Curve, Image, ImageElem, ImageFit, ImageFormat, ImageOptions, ImageSource,
-    RasterFormat, VectorFormat,
+    Curve, Image, ImageElem, ImageFit, ImageFormat, ImageKind, ImageSource, PixmapImage,
+    RasterFormat, RasterImage, SvgImage, VectorFormat,
 };
 
 /// Layout the image.
@@ -27,48 +27,52 @@ pub fn layout_image(
 
     // Take the format that was explicitly defined, or parse the extension,
     // or try to detect the format.
-    let source = elem.source();
-    let format = match (elem.format(styles), source) {
-        (Smart::Custom(v), _) => v,
-        (Smart::Auto, ImageSource::Readable(data)) => {
-            determine_format(elem.path().as_str(), data).at(span)?
-        }
-        (Smart::Auto, ImageSource::Pixmap(_)) => {
-            bail!(span, "pixmaps require an explicit image format to be given");
-        }
+    let Derived { source, derived: data } = &elem.source;
+    let format = match elem.format(styles) {
+        Smart::Custom(v) => v,
+        Smart::Auto => determine_format(source, data).at(span)?,
     };
 
     // Warn the user if the image contains a foreign object. Not perfect
     // because the svg could also be encoded, but that's an edge case.
-    if let ImageSource::Readable(data) = source {
-        if format == ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg) {
-            let has_foreign_object =
-                data.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s.contains("<foreignObject"));
+    if format == ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg) {
+        let has_foreign_object =
+            data.as_str().is_ok_and(|s| s.contains("<foreignObject"));
 
-            if has_foreign_object {
-                engine.sink.warn(warning!(
-                    span,
-                    "image contains foreign object";
-                    hint: "SVG images with foreign objects might render incorrectly in typst";
-                    hint: "see https://github.com/typst/typst/issues/1421 for more information"
-                ));
-            }
+        if has_foreign_object {
+            engine.sink.warn(warning!(
+                span,
+                "image contains foreign object";
+                hint: "SVG images with foreign objects might render incorrectly in typst";
+                hint: "see https://github.com/typst/typst/issues/1421 for more information"
+            ));
         }
     }
 
     // Construct the image itself.
-    let image = Image::new(
-        source.clone(),
-        format,
-        &ImageOptions {
-            alt: elem.alt(styles),
-            world: Some(engine.world),
-            families: &families(styles).map(|f| f.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            flatten_text: elem.flatten_text(styles),
-            scaling: elem.scaling(styles),
-        },
-    )
-    .at(span)?;
+    let kind = match (format, source) {
+        (ImageFormat::Pixmap(format), ImageSource::Pixmap(source)) => {
+            ImageKind::Pixmap(PixmapImage::new(source.clone(), format).at(span)?)
+        }
+        (ImageFormat::Raster(format), ImageSource::Data(_)) => {
+            ImageKind::Raster(RasterImage::new(data.clone(), format).at(span)?)
+        }
+        (ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg), ImageSource::Data(_)) => ImageKind::Svg(
+            SvgImage::with_fonts(
+                data.clone(),
+                engine.world,
+                elem.flatten_text(styles),
+                &families(styles).map(|f| f.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )
+            .at(span)?,
+        ),
+        (ImageFormat::Pixmap(_), _) => bail!(span, "source must be a pixmap"),
+        (ImageFormat::Raster(_) | ImageFormat::Vector(_), _) => {
+            bail!(span, "expected readable source for the given format (str or bytes)")
+        }
+    };
+
+    let image = Image::new(kind, elem.alt(styles), elem.scaling(styles));
 
     // Determine the image's pixel aspect ratio.
     let pxw = image.width();
@@ -130,25 +134,29 @@ pub fn layout_image(
     Ok(frame)
 }
 
-/// Determine the image format based on path and data.
-fn determine_format(path: &str, data: &Readable) -> StrResult<ImageFormat> {
-    let ext = std::path::Path::new(path)
-        .extension()
-        .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
-        .unwrap_or_default()
-        .to_lowercase();
+/// Try to determine the image format based on the data.
+fn determine_format(source: &ImageSource, data: &Bytes) -> StrResult<ImageFormat> {
+    match source {
+        ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Path(path)) => {
+            let ext = std::path::Path::new(path.as_str())
+                .extension()
+                .and_then(OsStr::to_str)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .to_lowercase();
 
-    Ok(match ext.as_str() {
-        "png" => ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Png),
-        "jpg" | "jpeg" => ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Jpg),
-        "gif" => ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Gif),
-        "svg" | "svgz" => ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg),
-        _ => match &data {
-            Readable::Str(_) => ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg),
-            Readable::Bytes(bytes) => match RasterFormat::detect(bytes) {
-                Some(f) => ImageFormat::Raster(f),
-                None => bail!("unknown image format"),
-            },
-        },
-    })
+            match ext.as_str() {
+                "png" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Png)),
+                "jpg" | "jpeg" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Jpg)),
+                "gif" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Raster(RasterFormat::Gif)),
+                "svg" | "svgz" => return Ok(ImageFormat::Vector(VectorFormat::Svg)),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        ImageSource::Data(DataSource::Bytes(_)) => {}
+        ImageSource::Pixmap(_) => {
+            bail!("pixmaps require an explicit image format to be given")
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(ImageFormat::detect(data).ok_or("unknown image format")?)
 }

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/box.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use typst_utils::Numeric;
 use crate::flow::unbreakable_pod;
 use crate::shapes::{clip_rect, fill_and_stroke};
 
-/// Lay out a box as part of a paragraph.
+/// Lay out a box as part of inline layout.
 #[typst_macros::time(name = "box", span = elem.span())]
 pub fn layout_box(
     elem: &Packed<BoxElem>,

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/collect.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use typst_library::diag::bail;
+use typst_library::diag::warning;
 use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, Resolve};
 use typst_library::introspection::{SplitLocator, Tag, TagElem};
 use typst_library::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, BoxElem, Dir, Fr, Frame, HElem, InlineElem, InlineItem, Sizing,
     Spacing,
 };
+use typst_library::model::{EnumElem, ListElem, TermsElem};
+use typst_library::routines::Pair;
 use typst_library::text::{
     is_default_ignorable, LinebreakElem, SmartQuoteElem, SmartQuoter, SmartQuotes,
     SpaceElem, TextElem,
@@ -13,9 +15,10 @@ use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::Numeric;
 
 use super::*;
+use crate::modifiers::{layout_and_modify, FrameModifiers, FrameModify};
 
 // The characters by which spacing, inline content and pins are replaced in the
-// paragraph's full text.
+// full text.
 const SPACING_REPLACE: &str = " "; // Space
 const OBJ_REPLACE: &str = "\u{FFFC}"; // Object Replacement Character
 
@@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ const POP_EMBEDDING: &str = "\u{202C}";
 const LTR_ISOLATE: &str = "\u{2066}";
 const POP_ISOLATE: &str = "\u{2069}";
 
-/// A prepared item in a paragraph layout.
+/// A prepared item in a inline layout.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Item<'a> {
     /// A shaped text run with consistent style and direction.
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum Item<'a> {
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
     Fractional(Fr, Option<(&'a Packed<BoxElem>, Locator<'a>, StyleChain<'a>)>),
     /// Layouted inline-level content.
-    Frame(Frame, StyleChain<'a>),
+    Frame(Frame),
     /// A tag.
     Tag(&'a Tag),
     /// An item that is invisible and needs to be skipped, e.g. a Unicode
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'a> Item<'a> {
         match self {
             Self::Text(shaped) => shaped.text,
             Self::Absolute(_, _) | Self::Fractional(_, _) => SPACING_REPLACE,
-            Self::Frame(_, _) => OBJ_REPLACE,
+            Self::Frame(_) => OBJ_REPLACE,
             Self::Tag(_) => "",
             Self::Skip(s) => s,
         }
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ impl<'a> Item<'a> {
         match self {
             Self::Text(shaped) => shaped.width,
             Self::Absolute(v, _) => *v,
-            Self::Frame(frame, _) => frame.width(),
+            Self::Frame(frame) => frame.width(),
             Self::Fractional(_, _) | Self::Tag(_) => Abs::zero(),
             Self::Skip(_) => Abs::zero(),
         }
@@ -112,38 +115,51 @@ impl Segment<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Collects all text of the paragraph into one string and a collection of
-/// segments that correspond to pieces of that string. This also performs
-/// string-level preprocessing like case transformations.
+/// Collects all text into one string and a collection of segments that
+/// correspond to pieces of that string. This also performs string-level
+/// preprocessing like case transformations.
 #[typst_macros::time]
 pub fn collect<'a>(
-    children: &'a StyleVec,
+    children: &[Pair<'a>],
     engine: &mut Engine<'_>,
     locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
-    styles: &'a StyleChain<'a>,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
     region: Size,
-    consecutive: bool,
+    situation: Option<ParSituation>,
 ) -> SourceResult<(String, Vec<Segment<'a>>, SpanMapper)> {
     let mut collector = Collector::new(2 + children.len());
     let mut quoter = SmartQuoter::new();
 
-    let outer_dir = TextElem::dir_in(*styles);
-    let first_line_indent = ParElem::first_line_indent_in(*styles);
-    if !first_line_indent.is_zero()
-        && consecutive
-        && AlignElem::alignment_in(*styles).resolve(*styles).x == outer_dir.start().into()
-    {
-        collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(first_line_indent.resolve(*styles), false));
-        collector.spans.push(1, Span::detached());
+    let outer_dir = TextElem::dir_in(styles);
+
+    if let Some(situation) = situation {
+        let first_line_indent = ParElem::first_line_indent_in(styles);
+        if !first_line_indent.amount.is_zero()
+            && match situation {
+                // First-line indent for the first paragraph after a list bullet
+                // just looks bad.
+                ParSituation::First => first_line_indent.all && !in_list(styles),
+                ParSituation::Consecutive => true,
+                ParSituation::Other => first_line_indent.all,
+            }
+            && AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles).x
+                == outer_dir.start().into()
+        {
+            collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(
+                first_line_indent.amount.resolve(styles),
+                false,
+            ));
+            collector.spans.push(1, Span::detached());
+        }
+
+        let hang = ParElem::hanging_indent_in(styles);
+        if !hang.is_zero() {
+            collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(-hang, false));
+            collector.spans.push(1, Span::detached());
+        }
     }
 
-    let hang = ParElem::hanging_indent_in(*styles);
-    if !hang.is_zero() {
-        collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(-hang, false));
-        collector.spans.push(1, Span::detached());
-    }
-
-    for (child, styles) in children.iter(styles) {
+    for &(child, styles) in children {
         let prev_len = collector.full.len();
 
         if child.is::<SpaceElem>() {
@@ -161,9 +177,9 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
                 }
 
                 if let Some(case) = TextElem::case_in(styles) {
-                    full.push_str(&case.apply(elem.text()));
+                    full.push_str(&case.apply(&elem.text));
                 } else {
-                    full.push_str(elem.text());
+                    full.push_str(&elem.text);
                 }
 
                 if dir != outer_dir {
@@ -172,13 +188,12 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
                 }
             });
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<HElem>() {
-            let amount = elem.amount();
-            if amount.is_zero() {
+            if elem.amount.is_zero() {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            collector.push_item(match amount {
-                Spacing::Fr(fr) => Item::Fractional(*fr, None),
+            collector.push_item(match elem.amount {
+                Spacing::Fr(fr) => Item::Fractional(fr, None),
                 Spacing::Rel(rel) => Item::Absolute(
                     rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(region.x),
                     elem.weak(styles),
@@ -211,8 +226,10 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
                     InlineItem::Space(space, weak) => {
                         collector.push_item(Item::Absolute(space, weak));
                     }
-                    InlineItem::Frame(frame) => {
-                        collector.push_item(Item::Frame(frame, styles));
+                    InlineItem::Frame(mut frame) => {
+                        frame.modify(&FrameModifiers::get_in(styles));
+                        apply_baseline_shift(&mut frame, styles);
+                        collector.push_item(Item::Frame(frame));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -223,13 +240,22 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
             if let Sizing::Fr(v) = elem.width(styles) {
                 collector.push_item(Item::Fractional(v, Some((elem, loc, styles))));
             } else {
-                let frame = layout_box(elem, engine, loc, styles, region)?;
-                collector.push_item(Item::Frame(frame, styles));
+                let mut frame = layout_and_modify(styles, |styles| {
+                    layout_box(elem, engine, loc, styles, region)
+                })?;
+                apply_baseline_shift(&mut frame, styles);
+                collector.push_item(Item::Frame(frame));
             }
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
             collector.push_item(Item::Tag(&elem.tag));
         } else {
-            bail!(child.span(), "unexpected paragraph child");
+            // Non-paragraph inline layout should never trigger this since it
+            // only won't be triggered if we see any non-inline content.
+            engine.sink.warn(warning!(
+                child.span(),
+                "{} may not occur inside of a paragraph and was ignored",
+                child.func().name()
+            ));
         };
 
         let len = collector.full.len() - prev_len;
@@ -239,6 +265,16 @@ pub fn collect<'a>(
     Ok((collector.full, collector.segments, collector.spans))
 }
 
+/// Whether we have a list ancestor.
+///
+/// When we support some kind of more general ancestry mechanism, this can
+/// become more elegant.
+fn in_list(styles: StyleChain) -> bool {
+    ListElem::depth_in(styles).0 > 0
+        || !EnumElem::parents_in(styles).is_empty()
+        || TermsElem::within_in(styles)
+}
+
 /// Collects segments.
 struct Collector<'a> {
     full: String,

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/finalize.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub fn finalize(
     expand: bool,
     locator: &mut SplitLocator<'_>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-    // Determine the paragraph's width: Full width of the region if we should
+    // Determine the resulting width: Full width of the region if we should
     // expand or there's fractional spacing, fit-to-width otherwise.
     let width = if !region.x.is_finite()
         || (!expand && lines.iter().all(|line| line.fr().is_zero()))

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/line.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use typst_library::text::{Lang, TextElem};
 use typst_utils::Numeric;
 
 use super::*;
+use crate::modifiers::layout_and_modify;
 
 const SHY: char = '\u{ad}';
 const HYPHEN: char = '-';
@@ -17,12 +18,12 @@ const EN_DASH: char = '–';
 const EM_DASH: char = '—';
 const LINE_SEPARATOR: char = '\u{2028}'; // We use LS to distinguish justified breaks.
 
-/// A layouted line, consisting of a sequence of layouted paragraph items that
-/// are mostly borrowed from the preparation phase. This type enables you to
-/// measure the size of a line in a range before committing to building the
-/// line's frame.
+/// A layouted line, consisting of a sequence of layouted inline items that are
+/// mostly borrowed from the preparation phase. This type enables you to measure
+/// the size of a line in a range before committing to building the line's
+/// frame.
 ///
-/// At most two paragraph items must be created individually for this line: The
+/// At most two inline items must be created individually for this line: The
 /// first and last one since they may be broken apart by the start or end of the
 /// line, respectively. But even those can partially reuse previous results when
 /// the break index is safe-to-break per rustybuzz.
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ impl Line<'_> {
     pub fn has_negative_width_items(&self) -> bool {
         self.items.iter().any(|item| match item {
             Item::Absolute(amount, _) => *amount < Abs::zero(),
-            Item::Frame(frame, _) => frame.width() < Abs::zero(),
+            Item::Frame(frame) => frame.width() < Abs::zero(),
             _ => false,
         })
     }
@@ -409,6 +410,11 @@ fn should_repeat_hyphen(pred_line: &Line, text: &str) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+/// Apply the current baseline shift to a frame.
+pub fn apply_baseline_shift(frame: &mut Frame, styles: StyleChain) {
+    frame.translate(Point::with_y(TextElem::baseline_in(styles)));
+}
+
 /// Commit to a line and build its frame.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn commit(
@@ -424,7 +430,7 @@ pub fn commit(
     let mut offset = Abs::zero();
 
     // We always build the line from left to right. In an LTR paragraph, we must
-    // thus add the hanging indent to the offset. When the paragraph is RTL, the
+    // thus add the hanging indent to the offset. In an RTL paragraph, the
     // hanging indent arises naturally due to the line width.
     if p.dir == Dir::LTR {
         offset += p.hang;
@@ -509,10 +515,11 @@ pub fn commit(
                 let amount = v.share(fr, remaining);
                 if let Some((elem, loc, styles)) = elem {
                     let region = Size::new(amount, full);
-                    let mut frame =
-                        layout_box(elem, engine, loc.relayout(), *styles, region)?;
-                    frame.translate(Point::with_y(TextElem::baseline_in(*styles)));
-                    push(&mut offset, frame.post_processed(*styles));
+                    let mut frame = layout_and_modify(*styles, |styles| {
+                        layout_box(elem, engine, loc.relayout(), styles, region)
+                    })?;
+                    apply_baseline_shift(&mut frame, *styles);
+                    push(&mut offset, frame);
                 } else {
                     offset += amount;
                 }
@@ -524,12 +531,10 @@ pub fn commit(
                     justification_ratio,
                     extra_justification,
                 );
-                push(&mut offset, frame.post_processed(shaped.styles));
+                push(&mut offset, frame);
             }
-            Item::Frame(frame, styles) => {
-                let mut frame = frame.clone();
-                frame.translate(Point::with_y(TextElem::baseline_in(*styles)));
-                push(&mut offset, frame.post_processed(*styles));
+            Item::Frame(frame) => {
+                push(&mut offset, frame.clone());
             }
             Item::Tag(tag) => {
                 let mut frame = Frame::soft(Size::zero());
@@ -626,7 +631,7 @@ fn overhang(c: char) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
-/// A collection of owned or borrowed paragraph items.
+/// A collection of owned or borrowed inline items.
 pub struct Items<'a>(Vec<ItemEntry<'a>>);
 
 impl<'a> Items<'a> {

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/linebreak.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 
 use super::*;
 
-/// The cost of a line or paragraph layout.
+/// The cost of a line or inline layout.
 type Cost = f64;
 
 // Cost parameters.
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl Breakpoint {
     }
 }
 
-/// Breaks the paragraph into lines.
+/// Breaks the text into lines.
 pub fn linebreak<'a>(
     engine: &Engine,
     p: &'a Preparation<'a>,
@@ -181,13 +181,12 @@ fn linebreak_simple<'a>(
 /// lines with hyphens even more.
 ///
 /// To find the layout with the minimal total cost the algorithm uses dynamic
-/// programming: For each possible breakpoint it determines the optimal
-/// paragraph layout _up to that point_. It walks over all possible start points
-/// for a line ending at that point and finds the one for which the cost of the
-/// line plus the cost of the optimal paragraph up to the start point (already
-/// computed and stored in dynamic programming table) is minimal. The final
-/// result is simply the layout determined for the last breakpoint at the end of
-/// text.
+/// programming: For each possible breakpoint, it determines the optimal layout
+/// _up to that point_. It walks over all possible start points for a line
+/// ending at that point and finds the one for which the cost of the line plus
+/// the cost of the optimal layout up to the start point (already computed and
+/// stored in dynamic programming table) is minimal. The final result is simply
+/// the layout determined for the last breakpoint at the end of text.
 #[typst_macros::time]
 fn linebreak_optimized<'a>(
     engine: &Engine,
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ fn linebreak_optimized_bounded<'a>(
     metrics: &CostMetrics,
     upper_bound: Cost,
 ) -> Vec<Line<'a>> {
-    /// An entry in the dynamic programming table for paragraph optimization.
+    /// An entry in the dynamic programming table for inline layout optimization.
     struct Entry<'a> {
         pred: usize,
         total: Cost,
@@ -321,7 +320,7 @@ fn linebreak_optimized_bounded<'a>(
     // This should only happen if our bound was faulty. Which shouldn't happen!
     if table[idx].end != p.text.len() {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
-        panic!("bounded paragraph layout is incomplete");
+        panic!("bounded inline layout is incomplete");
 
         #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
         return linebreak_optimized_bounded(engine, p, width, metrics, Cost::INFINITY);
@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@ fn linebreak_optimized_bounded<'a>(
 /// (which is costly) to determine costs, it determines approximate costs using
 /// cumulative arrays.
 ///
-/// This results in a likely good paragraph layouts, for which we then compute
+/// This results in a likely good inline layouts, for which we then compute
 /// the exact cost. This cost is an upper bound for proper optimized
 /// linebreaking. We can use it to heavily prune the search space.
 #[typst_macros::time]
@@ -355,7 +354,7 @@ fn linebreak_optimized_approximate(
     // Determine the cumulative estimation metrics.
     let estimates = Estimates::compute(p);
 
-    /// An entry in the dynamic programming table for paragraph optimization.
+    /// An entry in the dynamic programming table for inline layout optimization.
     struct Entry {
         pred: usize,
         total: Cost,
@@ -862,7 +861,7 @@ struct CostMetrics {
 }
 
 impl CostMetrics {
-    /// Compute shared metrics for paragraph optimization.
+    /// Compute shared metrics for inline layout optimization.
     fn compute(p: &Preparation) -> Self {
         Self {
             // When justifying, we may stretch spaces below their natural width.

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/mod.rs

@@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ pub use self::box_::layout_box;
 use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::engine::{Engine, Route, Sink, Traced};
-use typst_library::foundations::{StyleChain, StyleVec};
-use typst_library::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, LocatorLink};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::introspection::{Introspector, Locator, LocatorLink, SplitLocator};
 use typst_library::layout::{Fragment, Size};
 use typst_library::model::ParElem;
-use typst_library::routines::Routines;
+use typst_library::routines::{Arenas, Pair, RealizationKind, Routines};
 use typst_library::World;
 
 use self::collect::{collect, Item, Segment, SpanMapper};
 use self::deco::decorate;
 use self::finalize::finalize;
-use self::line::{commit, line, Line};
+use self::line::{apply_baseline_shift, commit, line, Line};
 use self::linebreak::{linebreak, Breakpoint};
 use self::prepare::{prepare, Preparation};
 use self::shaping::{
@@ -34,18 +34,18 @@ use self::shaping::{
 /// Range of a substring of text.
 type Range = std::ops::Range<usize>;
 
-/// Layouts content inline.
-pub fn layout_inline(
+/// Layouts the paragraph.
+pub fn layout_par(
+    elem: &Packed<ParElem>,
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    children: &StyleVec,
     locator: Locator,
     styles: StyleChain,
-    consecutive: bool,
     region: Size,
     expand: bool,
+    situation: ParSituation,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-    layout_inline_impl(
-        children,
+    layout_par_impl(
+        elem,
         engine.routines,
         engine.world,
         engine.introspector,
@@ -54,17 +54,17 @@ pub fn layout_inline(
         engine.route.track(),
         locator.track(),
         styles,
-        consecutive,
         region,
         expand,
+        situation,
     )
 }
 
-/// The internal, memoized implementation of `layout_inline`.
+/// The internal, memoized implementation of `layout_par`.
 #[comemo::memoize]
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-fn layout_inline_impl(
-    children: &StyleVec,
+fn layout_par_impl(
+    elem: &Packed<ParElem>,
     routines: &Routines,
     world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>,
     introspector: Tracked<Introspector>,
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ fn layout_inline_impl(
     route: Tracked<Route>,
     locator: Tracked<Locator>,
     styles: StyleChain,
-    consecutive: bool,
     region: Size,
     expand: bool,
+    situation: ParSituation,
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
     let link = LocatorLink::new(locator);
-    let locator = Locator::link(&link);
+    let mut locator = Locator::link(&link).split();
     let mut engine = Engine {
         routines,
         world,
@@ -88,18 +88,63 @@ fn layout_inline_impl(
         route: Route::extend(route),
     };
 
-    let mut locator = locator.split();
+    let arenas = Arenas::default();
+    let children = (engine.routines.realize)(
+        RealizationKind::LayoutPar,
+        &mut engine,
+        &mut locator,
+        &arenas,
+        &elem.body,
+        styles,
+    )?;
 
+    layout_inline(
+        &mut engine,
+        &children,
+        &mut locator,
+        styles,
+        region,
+        expand,
+        Some(situation),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Lays out realized content with inline layout.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn layout_inline<'a>(
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    children: &[Pair<'a>],
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+    region: Size,
+    expand: bool,
+    par: Option<ParSituation>,
+) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
     // Collect all text into one string for BiDi analysis.
     let (text, segments, spans) =
-        collect(children, &mut engine, &mut locator, &styles, region, consecutive)?;
+        collect(children, engine, locator, styles, region, par)?;
 
-    // Perform BiDi analysis and then prepares paragraph layout.
-    let p = prepare(&mut engine, children, &text, segments, spans, styles)?;
+    // Perform BiDi analysis and performs some preparation steps before we
+    // proceed to line breaking.
+    let p = prepare(engine, children, &text, segments, spans, styles, par)?;
 
-    // Break the paragraph into lines.
-    let lines = linebreak(&engine, &p, region.x - p.hang);
+    // Break the text into lines.
+    let lines = linebreak(engine, &p, region.x - p.hang);
 
     // Turn the selected lines into frames.
-    finalize(&mut engine, &p, &lines, styles, region, expand, &mut locator)
+    finalize(engine, &p, &lines, styles, region, expand, locator)
+}
+
+/// Distinguishes between a few different kinds of paragraphs.
+///
+/// In the form `Option<ParSituation>`, `None` implies that we are creating an
+/// inline layout that isn't a semantic paragraph.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum ParSituation {
+    /// The paragraph is the first thing in the flow.
+    First,
+    /// The paragraph follows another paragraph.
+    Consecutive,
+    /// Any other kind of paragraph.
+    Other,
 }

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/prepare.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 use typst_library::foundations::{Resolve, Smart};
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, AlignElem, Dir, Em, FixedAlignment};
 use typst_library::model::Linebreaks;
+use typst_library::routines::Pair;
 use typst_library::text::{Costs, Lang, TextElem};
+use typst_utils::SliceExt;
 use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level as BidiLevel};
 
 use super::*;
 
-/// A paragraph representation in which children are already layouted and text
-/// is already preshaped.
+/// A representation in which children are already layouted and text is already
+/// preshaped.
 ///
 /// In many cases, we can directly reuse these results when constructing a line.
 /// Only when a line break falls onto a text index that is not safe-to-break per
 /// rustybuzz, we have to reshape that portion.
 pub struct Preparation<'a> {
-    /// The paragraph's full text.
+    /// The full text.
     pub text: &'a str,
-    /// Bidirectional text embedding levels for the paragraph.
+    /// Bidirectional text embedding levels.
     ///
-    /// This is `None` if the paragraph is BiDi-uniform (all the base direction).
+    /// This is `None` if all text directions are uniform (all the base
+    /// direction).
     pub bidi: Option<BidiInfo<'a>>,
     /// Text runs, spacing and layouted elements.
     pub items: Vec<(Range, Item<'a>)>,
@@ -33,15 +36,15 @@ pub struct Preparation<'a> {
     pub dir: Dir,
     /// The text language if it's the same for all children.
     pub lang: Option<Lang>,
-    /// The paragraph's resolved horizontal alignment.
+    /// The resolved horizontal alignment.
     pub align: FixedAlignment,
-    /// Whether to justify the paragraph.
+    /// Whether to justify text.
     pub justify: bool,
-    /// The paragraph's hanging indent.
+    /// Hanging indent to apply.
     pub hang: Abs,
     /// Whether to add spacing between CJK and Latin characters.
     pub cjk_latin_spacing: bool,
-    /// Whether font fallback is enabled for this paragraph.
+    /// Whether font fallback is enabled.
     pub fallback: bool,
     /// How to determine line breaks.
     pub linebreaks: Smart<Linebreaks>,
@@ -71,17 +74,18 @@ impl<'a> Preparation<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Performs BiDi analysis and then prepares paragraph layout by building a
+/// Performs BiDi analysis and then prepares further layout by building a
 /// representation on which we can do line breaking without layouting each and
 /// every line from scratch.
 #[typst_macros::time]
 pub fn prepare<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    children: &'a StyleVec,
+    children: &[Pair<'a>],
     text: &'a str,
     segments: Vec<Segment<'a>>,
     spans: SpanMapper,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+    situation: Option<ParSituation>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Preparation<'a>> {
     let dir = TextElem::dir_in(styles);
     let default_level = match dir {
@@ -125,19 +129,26 @@ pub fn prepare<'a>(
         add_cjk_latin_spacing(&mut items);
     }
 
+    // Only apply hanging indent to real paragraphs.
+    let hang = if situation.is_some() {
+        ParElem::hanging_indent_in(styles)
+    } else {
+        Abs::zero()
+    };
+
     Ok(Preparation {
         text,
         bidi: is_bidi.then_some(bidi),
         items,
         indices,
         spans,
-        hyphenate: children.shared_get(styles, TextElem::hyphenate_in),
+        hyphenate: shared_get(children, styles, TextElem::hyphenate_in),
         costs: TextElem::costs_in(styles),
         dir,
-        lang: children.shared_get(styles, TextElem::lang_in),
+        lang: shared_get(children, styles, TextElem::lang_in),
         align: AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles).x,
         justify: ParElem::justify_in(styles),
-        hang: ParElem::hanging_indent_in(styles),
+        hang,
         cjk_latin_spacing,
         fallback: TextElem::fallback_in(styles),
         linebreaks: ParElem::linebreaks_in(styles),
@@ -145,6 +156,19 @@ pub fn prepare<'a>(
     })
 }
 
+/// Get a style property, but only if it is the same for all of the children.
+fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
+    children: &[Pair],
+    styles: StyleChain<'_>,
+    getter: fn(StyleChain) -> T,
+) -> Option<T> {
+    let value = getter(styles);
+    children
+        .group_by_key(|&(_, s)| s)
+        .all(|(s, _)| getter(s) == value)
+        .then_some(value)
+}
+
 /// Add some spacing between Han characters and western characters. See
 /// Requirements for Chinese Text Layout, Section 3.2.2 Mixed Text Composition
 /// in Horizontal Written Mode

crates/typst-layout/src/inline/shaping.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level as BidiLevel};
 use unicode_script::{Script, UnicodeScript};
 
 use super::{decorate, Item, Range, SpanMapper};
+use crate::modifiers::{FrameModifiers, FrameModify};
 
 /// The result of shaping text.
 ///
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ use super::{decorate, Item, Range, SpanMapper};
 /// frame.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ShapedText<'a> {
-    /// The start of the text in the full paragraph.
+    /// The start of the text in the full text.
     pub base: usize,
     /// The text that was shaped.
     pub text: &'a str,
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ pub struct ShapedGlyph {
     pub y_offset: Em,
     /// The adjustability of the glyph.
     pub adjustability: Adjustability,
-    /// The byte range of this glyph's cluster in the full paragraph. A cluster
-    /// is a sequence of one or multiple glyphs that cannot be separated and
-    /// must always be treated as a union.
+    /// The byte range of this glyph's cluster in the full inline layout. A
+    /// cluster is a sequence of one or multiple glyphs that cannot be separated
+    /// and must always be treated as a union.
     ///
     /// The range values of the glyphs in a [`ShapedText`] should not overlap
     /// with each other, and they should be monotonically increasing (for
@@ -326,6 +327,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
             offset += width;
         }
 
+        frame.modify(&FrameModifiers::get_in(self.styles));
         frame
     }
 
@@ -403,7 +405,7 @@ impl<'a> ShapedText<'a> {
     /// Reshape a range of the shaped text, reusing information from this
     /// shaping process if possible.
     ///
-    /// The text `range` is relative to the whole paragraph.
+    /// The text `range` is relative to the whole inline layout.
     pub fn reshape(&'a self, engine: &Engine, text_range: Range) -> ShapedText<'a> {
         let text = &self.text[text_range.start - self.base..text_range.end - self.base];
         if let Some(glyphs) = self.slice_safe_to_break(text_range.clone()) {

crates/typst-layout/src/lib.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ mod image;
 mod inline;
 mod lists;
 mod math;
+mod modifiers;
 mod pad;
 mod pages;
 mod repeat;
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ mod transforms;
 pub use self::flow::{layout_columns, layout_fragment, layout_frame};
 pub use self::grid::{layout_grid, layout_table};
 pub use self::image::layout_image;
-pub use self::inline::{layout_box, layout_inline};
 pub use self::lists::{layout_enum, layout_list};
 pub use self::math::{layout_equation_block, layout_equation_inline};
 pub use self::pad::layout_pad;

crates/typst-layout/src/lists.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
 use typst_library::foundations::{Content, Context, Depth, Packed, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
+use typst_library::layout::grid::resolve::{Cell, CellGrid};
 use typst_library::layout::{Axes, Fragment, HAlignment, Regions, Sizing, VAlignment};
-use typst_library::model::{EnumElem, ListElem, Numbering, ParElem};
+use typst_library::model::{EnumElem, ListElem, Numbering, ParElem, ParbreakElem};
 use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 
-use crate::grid::{Cell, CellGrid, GridLayouter};
+use crate::grid::GridLayouter;
 
 /// Layout the list.
 #[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
@@ -21,8 +22,9 @@ pub fn layout_list(
 ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
     let indent = elem.indent(styles);
     let body_indent = elem.body_indent(styles);
+    let tight = elem.tight(styles);
     let gutter = elem.spacing(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        if elem.tight(styles) {
+        if tight {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             ParElem::spacing_in(styles).into()
@@ -39,12 +41,18 @@ pub fn layout_list(
     let mut cells = vec![];
     let mut locator = locator.split();
 
-    for item in elem.children() {
+    for item in &elem.children {
+        // Text in wide lists shall always turn into paragraphs.
+        let mut body = item.body.clone();
+        if !tight {
+            body += ParbreakElem::shared();
+        }
+
         cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(marker.clone(), locator.next(&marker.span())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(
-            item.body.clone().styled(ListElem::set_depth(Depth(1))),
+            body.styled(ListElem::set_depth(Depth(1))),
             locator.next(&item.body.span()),
         ));
     }
@@ -77,8 +85,9 @@ pub fn layout_enum(
     let reversed = elem.reversed(styles);
     let indent = elem.indent(styles);
     let body_indent = elem.body_indent(styles);
+    let tight = elem.tight(styles);
     let gutter = elem.spacing(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        if elem.tight(styles) {
+        if tight {
             ParElem::leading_in(styles).into()
         } else {
             ParElem::spacing_in(styles).into()
@@ -100,7 +109,7 @@ pub fn layout_enum(
     // relation to the item it refers to.
     let number_align = elem.number_align(styles);
 
-    for item in elem.children() {
+    for item in &elem.children {
         number = item.number(styles).unwrap_or(number);
 
         let context = Context::new(None, Some(styles));
@@ -123,11 +132,17 @@ pub fn layout_enum(
         let resolved =
             resolved.aligned(number_align).styled(TextElem::set_overhang(false));
 
+        // Text in wide enums shall always turn into paragraphs.
+        let mut body = item.body.clone();
+        if !tight {
+            body += ParbreakElem::shared();
+        }
+
         cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(resolved, locator.next(&())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(Content::empty(), locator.next(&())));
         cells.push(Cell::new(
-            item.body.clone().styled(EnumElem::set_parents(smallvec![number])),
+            body.styled(EnumElem::set_parents(smallvec![number])),
             locator.next(&item.body.span()),
         ));
         number =

crates/typst-layout/src/math/accent.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn layout_accent(
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
     let cramped = style_cramped();
-    let mut base = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.base(), styles.chain(&cramped))?;
+    let mut base = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.base, styles.chain(&cramped))?;
 
     // Try to replace a glyph with its dotless variant.
     if let MathFragment::Glyph(glyph) = &mut base {
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ pub fn layout_accent(
 
     let width = elem.size(styles).relative_to(base.width());
 
-    let Accent(c) = elem.accent();
-    let mut glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, styles, *c, elem.span());
+    let Accent(c) = elem.accent;
+    let mut glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, styles, c, elem.span());
 
     // Try to replace accent glyph with flattened variant.
     let flattened_base_height = scaled!(ctx, styles, flattened_accent_base_height);

crates/typst-layout/src/math/attach.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain, SymbolElem};
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axis, Corner, Frame, Point, Rel, Size};
 use typst_library::math::{
     AttachElem, EquationElem, LimitsElem, PrimesElem, ScriptsElem, StretchElem,
 };
-use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 use typst_utils::OptionExt;
 
 use super::{
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn layout_attach(
     let elem = merged.as_ref().unwrap_or(elem);
     let stretch = stretch_size(styles, elem);
 
-    let mut base = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.base(), styles)?;
+    let mut base = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.base, styles)?;
     let sup_style = style_for_superscript(styles);
     let sup_style_chain = styles.chain(&sup_style);
     let tl = elem.tl(sup_style_chain);
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn layout_primes(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    match *elem.count() {
+    match elem.count {
         count @ 1..=4 => {
             let c = match count {
                 1 => '′',
@@ -104,13 +103,14 @@ pub fn layout_primes(
                 4 => '⁗',
                 _ => unreachable!(),
             };
-            let f = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&TextElem::packed(c), styles)?;
+            let f = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&SymbolElem::packed(c), styles)?;
             ctx.push(f);
         }
         count => {
             // Custom amount of primes
-            let prime =
-                ctx.layout_into_fragment(&TextElem::packed('′'), styles)?.into_frame();
+            let prime = ctx
+                .layout_into_fragment(&SymbolElem::packed('′'), styles)?
+                .into_frame();
             let width = prime.width() * (count + 1) as f64 / 2.0;
             let mut frame = Frame::soft(Size::new(width, prime.height()));
             frame.set_baseline(prime.ascent());
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn layout_scripts(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.body(), styles)?;
+    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.body, styles)?;
     fragment.set_limits(Limits::Never);
     ctx.push(fragment);
     Ok(())
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ pub fn layout_limits(
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
     let limits = if elem.inline(styles) { Limits::Always } else { Limits::Display };
-    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.body(), styles)?;
+    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.body, styles)?;
     fragment.set_limits(limits);
     ctx.push(fragment);
     Ok(())
@@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ pub fn layout_limits(
 /// Get the size to stretch the base to.
 fn stretch_size(styles: StyleChain, elem: &Packed<AttachElem>) -> Option<Rel<Abs>> {
     // Extract from an EquationElem.
-    let mut base = elem.base();
+    let mut base = &elem.base;
     while let Some(equation) = base.to_packed::<EquationElem>() {
-        base = equation.body();
+        base = &equation.body;
     }
 
     base.to_packed::<StretchElem>().map(|stretch| stretch.size(styles))

crates/typst-layout/src/math/cancel.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn layout_cancel(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let body = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.body(), styles)?;
+    let body = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.body, styles)?;
 
     // Preserve properties of body.
     let body_class = body.class();

crates/typst-layout/src/math/frac.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Content, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Content, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain, SymbolElem};
 use typst_library::layout::{Em, Frame, FrameItem, Point, Size};
 use typst_library::math::{BinomElem, FracElem};
 use typst_library::text::TextElem;
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ pub fn layout_frac(
     layout_frac_like(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.num(),
-        std::slice::from_ref(elem.denom()),
+        &elem.num,
+        std::slice::from_ref(&elem.denom),
         false,
         elem.span(),
     )
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub fn layout_binom(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    layout_frac_like(ctx, styles, elem.upper(), elem.lower(), true, elem.span())
+    layout_frac_like(ctx, styles, &elem.upper, &elem.lower, true, elem.span())
 }
 
 /// Layout a fraction or binomial.
@@ -80,7 +80,10 @@ fn layout_frac_like(
     let denom = ctx.layout_into_frame(
         &Content::sequence(
             // Add a comma between each element.
-            denom.iter().flat_map(|a| [TextElem::packed(','), a.clone()]).skip(1),
+            denom
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|a| [SymbolElem::packed(','), a.clone()])
+                .skip(1),
         ),
         styles.chain(&denom_style),
     )?;

crates/typst-layout/src/math/fragment.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 
 use rustybuzz::Feature;
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use ttf_parser::gsub::{AlternateSubstitution, SingleSubstitution, SubstitutionSubtable};
 use ttf_parser::opentype_layout::LayoutTable;
 use ttf_parser::{GlyphId, Rect};
 use typst_library::foundations::StyleChain;
 use typst_library::introspection::Tag;
 use typst_library::layout::{
-    Abs, Axis, Corner, Em, Frame, FrameItem, HideElem, Point, Size, VAlignment,
+    Abs, Axis, Corner, Em, Frame, FrameItem, Point, Size, VAlignment,
 };
 use typst_library::math::{EquationElem, MathSize};
-use typst_library::model::{Destination, LinkElem};
 use typst_library::text::{Font, Glyph, Lang, Region, TextElem, TextItem};
 use typst_library::visualize::Paint;
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
 use super::{stretch_glyph, MathContext, Scaled};
+use crate::modifiers::{FrameModifiers, FrameModify};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum MathFragment {
@@ -245,8 +244,7 @@ pub struct GlyphFragment {
     pub class: MathClass,
     pub math_size: MathSize,
     pub span: Span,
-    pub dests: SmallVec<[Destination; 1]>,
-    pub hidden: bool,
+    pub modifiers: FrameModifiers,
     pub limits: Limits,
     pub extended_shape: bool,
 }
@@ -302,8 +300,7 @@ impl GlyphFragment {
             accent_attach: Abs::zero(),
             class,
             span,
-            dests: LinkElem::dests_in(styles),
-            hidden: HideElem::hidden_in(styles),
+            modifiers: FrameModifiers::get_in(styles),
             extended_shape: false,
         };
         fragment.set_id(ctx, id);
@@ -390,7 +387,7 @@ impl GlyphFragment {
         let mut frame = Frame::soft(size);
         frame.set_baseline(self.ascent);
         frame.push(Point::with_y(self.ascent + self.shift), FrameItem::Text(item));
-        frame.post_process_raw(self.dests, self.hidden);
+        frame.modify(&self.modifiers);
         frame
     }
 
@@ -516,7 +513,7 @@ impl FrameFragment {
         let base_ascent = frame.ascent();
         let accent_attach = frame.width() / 2.0;
         Self {
-            frame: frame.post_processed(styles),
+            frame: frame.modified(&FrameModifiers::get_in(styles)),
             font_size: TextElem::size_in(styles),
             class: EquationElem::class_in(styles).unwrap_or(MathClass::Normal),
             math_size: EquationElem::size_in(styles),

crates/typst-layout/src/math/lr.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
 use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Axis, Rel};
 use typst_library::math::{EquationElem, LrElem, MidElem};
+use typst_utils::SliceExt;
 use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
 use super::{stretch_fragment, MathContext, MathFragment, DELIM_SHORT_FALL};
@@ -13,32 +14,23 @@ pub fn layout_lr(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let mut body = elem.body();
-
     // Extract from an EquationElem.
+    let mut body = &elem.body;
     if let Some(equation) = body.to_packed::<EquationElem>() {
-        body = equation.body();
+        body = &equation.body;
     }
 
     // Extract implicit LrElem.
     if let Some(lr) = body.to_packed::<LrElem>() {
         if lr.size(styles).is_one() {
-            body = lr.body();
+            body = &lr.body;
         }
     }
 
     let mut fragments = ctx.layout_into_fragments(body, styles)?;
 
     // Ignore leading and trailing ignorant fragments.
-    let start_idx = fragments
-        .iter()
-        .position(|f| !f.is_ignorant())
-        .unwrap_or(fragments.len());
-    let end_idx = fragments
-        .iter()
-        .skip(start_idx)
-        .rposition(|f| !f.is_ignorant())
-        .map_or(start_idx, |i| start_idx + i + 1);
+    let (start_idx, end_idx) = fragments.split_prefix_suffix(|f| f.is_ignorant());
     let inner_fragments = &mut fragments[start_idx..end_idx];
 
     let axis = scaled!(ctx, styles, axis_height);
@@ -100,7 +92,7 @@ pub fn layout_mid(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let mut fragments = ctx.layout_into_fragments(elem.body(), styles)?;
+    let mut fragments = ctx.layout_into_fragments(&elem.body, styles)?;
 
     for fragment in &mut fragments {
         match fragment {

crates/typst-layout/src/math/mat.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn layout_vec(
     let frame = layout_vec_body(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.children(),
+        &elem.children,
         elem.align(styles),
         elem.gap(styles),
         LeftRightAlternator::Right,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn layout_mat(
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
     let augment = elem.augment(styles);
-    let rows = elem.rows();
+    let rows = &elem.rows;
 
     if let Some(aug) = &augment {
         for &offset in &aug.hline.0 {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub fn layout_mat(
             }
         }
 
-        let ncols = elem.rows().first().map_or(0, |row| row.len());
+        let ncols = rows.first().map_or(0, |row| row.len());
 
         for &offset in &aug.vline.0 {
             if offset == 0 || offset.unsigned_abs() >= ncols {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn layout_cases(
     let frame = layout_vec_body(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.children(),
+        &elem.children,
         FixedAlignment::Start,
         elem.gap(styles),
         LeftRightAlternator::None,

crates/typst-layout/src/math/mod.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ use rustybuzz::Feature;
 use ttf_parser::Tag;
 use typst_library::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{
+    Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain, SymbolElem,
+};
 use typst_library::introspection::{Counter, Locator, SplitLocator, TagElem};
 use typst_library::layout::{
     Abs, AlignElem, Axes, BlockElem, BoxElem, Em, FixedAlignment, Fragment, Frame, HElem,
@@ -200,8 +202,7 @@ pub fn layout_equation_block(
     let counter = Counter::of(EquationElem::elem())
         .display_at_loc(engine, elem.location().unwrap(), styles, numbering)?
         .spanned(span);
-    let number =
-        (engine.routines.layout_frame)(engine, &counter, locator.next(&()), styles, pod)?;
+    let number = crate::layout_frame(engine, &counter, locator.next(&()), styles, pod)?;
 
     static NUMBER_GUTTER: Em = Em::new(0.5);
     let full_number_width = number.width() + NUMBER_GUTTER.resolve(styles);
@@ -535,6 +536,8 @@ fn layout_realized(
         layout_h(elem, ctx, styles)?;
     } else if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
         self::text::layout_text(elem, ctx, styles)?;
+    } else if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<SymbolElem>() {
+        self::text::layout_symbol(elem, ctx, styles)?;
     } else if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<BoxElem>() {
         layout_box(elem, ctx, styles)?;
     } else if elem.is::<AlignPointElem>() {
@@ -615,7 +618,7 @@ fn layout_box(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let frame = (ctx.engine.routines.layout_box)(
+    let frame = crate::inline::layout_box(
         elem,
         ctx.engine,
         ctx.locator.next(&elem.span()),
@@ -632,7 +635,7 @@ fn layout_h(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    if let Spacing::Rel(rel) = elem.amount() {
+    if let Spacing::Rel(rel) = elem.amount {
         if rel.rel.is_zero() {
             ctx.push(MathFragment::Spacing(rel.abs.resolve(styles), elem.weak(styles)));
         }
@@ -647,11 +650,10 @@ fn layout_class(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let class = *elem.class();
-    let style = EquationElem::set_class(Some(class)).wrap();
-    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.body(), styles.chain(&style))?;
-    fragment.set_class(class);
-    fragment.set_limits(Limits::for_class(class));
+    let style = EquationElem::set_class(Some(elem.class)).wrap();
+    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.body, styles.chain(&style))?;
+    fragment.set_class(elem.class);
+    fragment.set_limits(Limits::for_class(elem.class));
     ctx.push(fragment);
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -663,7 +665,7 @@ fn layout_op(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.text(), styles)?;
+    let fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.text, styles)?;
     let italics = fragment.italics_correction();
     let accent_attach = fragment.accent_attach();
     let text_like = fragment.is_text_like();
@@ -689,7 +691,7 @@ fn layout_external(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
-    (ctx.engine.routines.layout_frame)(
+    crate::layout_frame(
         ctx.engine,
         content,
         ctx.locator.next(&content.span()),

crates/typst-layout/src/math/root.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ pub fn layout_root(
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
     let index = elem.index(styles);
-    let radicand = elem.radicand();
     let span = elem.span();
 
     let gap = scaled!(
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn layout_root(
     let radicand = {
         let cramped = style_cramped();
         let styles = styles.chain(&cramped);
-        let run = ctx.layout_into_run(radicand, styles)?;
+        let run = ctx.layout_into_run(&elem.radicand, styles)?;
         let multiline = run.is_multiline();
         let mut radicand = run.into_fragment(styles).into_frame();
         if multiline {

crates/typst-layout/src/math/stretch.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use super::{
     delimiter_alignment, GlyphFragment, MathContext, MathFragment, Scaled,
     VariantFragment,
 };
+use crate::modifiers::FrameModify;
 
 /// Maximum number of times extenders can be repeated.
 const MAX_REPEATS: usize = 1024;
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn layout_stretch(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(elem.body(), styles)?;
+    let mut fragment = ctx.layout_into_fragment(&elem.body, styles)?;
     stretch_fragment(
         ctx,
         styles,
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ fn assemble(
     let mut frame = Frame::soft(size);
     let mut offset = Abs::zero();
     frame.set_baseline(baseline);
-    frame.post_process_raw(base.dests, base.hidden);
+    frame.modify(&base.modifiers);
 
     for (fragment, advance) in selected {
         let pos = match axis {

crates/typst-layout/src/math/text.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::f64::consts::SQRT_2;
 
-use ecow::{eco_vec, EcoString};
+use ecow::EcoString;
 use typst_library::diag::SourceResult;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain, StyleVec};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Packed, StyleChain, SymbolElem};
 use typst_library::layout::{Abs, Size};
 use typst_library::math::{EquationElem, MathSize, MathVariant};
 use typst_library::text::{
@@ -20,56 +20,68 @@ pub fn layout_text(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    let text = elem.text();
+    let text = &elem.text;
     let span = elem.span();
-    let mut chars = text.chars();
-    let math_size = EquationElem::size_in(styles);
-    let mut dtls = ctx.dtls_table.is_some();
-    let fragment: MathFragment = if let Some(mut glyph) = chars
-        .next()
-        .filter(|_| chars.next().is_none())
-        .map(|c| dtls_char(c, &mut dtls))
-        .map(|c| styled_char(styles, c, true))
-        .and_then(|c| GlyphFragment::try_new(ctx, styles, c, span))
-    {
-        // A single letter that is available in the math font.
-        if dtls {
-            glyph.make_dotless_form(ctx);
-        }
+    let fragment = if text.contains(is_newline) {
+        layout_text_lines(text.split(is_newline), span, ctx, styles)?
+    } else {
+        layout_inline_text(text, span, ctx, styles)?
+    };
+    ctx.push(fragment);
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-        match math_size {
-            MathSize::Script => {
-                glyph.make_script_size(ctx);
-            }
-            MathSize::ScriptScript => {
-                glyph.make_script_script_size(ctx);
-            }
-            _ => (),
+/// Layout multiple lines of text.
+fn layout_text_lines<'a>(
+    lines: impl Iterator<Item = &'a str>,
+    span: Span,
+    ctx: &mut MathContext,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<FrameFragment> {
+    let mut fragments = vec![];
+    for (i, line) in lines.enumerate() {
+        if i != 0 {
+            fragments.push(MathFragment::Linebreak);
         }
+        if !line.is_empty() {
+            fragments.push(layout_inline_text(line, span, ctx, styles)?.into());
+        }
+    }
+    let mut frame = MathRun::new(fragments).into_frame(styles);
+    let axis = scaled!(ctx, styles, axis_height);
+    frame.set_baseline(frame.height() / 2.0 + axis);
+    Ok(FrameFragment::new(styles, frame))
+}
 
-        if glyph.class == MathClass::Large {
-            let mut variant = if math_size == MathSize::Display {
-                let height = scaled!(ctx, styles, display_operator_min_height)
-                    .max(SQRT_2 * glyph.height());
-                glyph.stretch_vertical(ctx, height, Abs::zero())
-            } else {
-                glyph.into_variant()
-            };
-            // TeXbook p 155. Large operators are always vertically centered on the axis.
-            variant.center_on_axis(ctx);
-            variant.into()
-        } else {
-            glyph.into()
-        }
-    } else if text.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit() || c == '.') {
-        // Numbers aren't that difficult.
+/// Layout the given text string into a [`FrameFragment`] after styling all
+/// characters for the math font (without auto-italics).
+fn layout_inline_text(
+    text: &str,
+    span: Span,
+    ctx: &mut MathContext,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<FrameFragment> {
+    if text.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit() || c == '.') {
+        // Small optimization for numbers. Note that this lays out slightly
+        // differently to normal text and is worth re-evaluating in the future.
         let mut fragments = vec![];
-        for c in text.chars() {
-            let c = styled_char(styles, c, false);
-            fragments.push(GlyphFragment::new(ctx, styles, c, span).into());
+        let is_single = text.chars().count() == 1;
+        for unstyled_c in text.chars() {
+            let c = styled_char(styles, unstyled_c, false);
+            let mut glyph = GlyphFragment::new(ctx, styles, c, span);
+            if is_single {
+                // Duplicate what `layout_glyph` does exactly even if it's
+                // probably incorrect here.
+                match EquationElem::size_in(styles) {
+                    MathSize::Script => glyph.make_script_size(ctx),
+                    MathSize::ScriptScript => glyph.make_script_script_size(ctx),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            fragments.push(glyph.into());
         }
         let frame = MathRun::new(fragments).into_frame(styles);
-        FrameFragment::new(styles, frame).with_text_like(true).into()
+        Ok(FrameFragment::new(styles, frame).with_text_like(true))
     } else {
         let local = [
             TextElem::set_top_edge(TopEdge::Metric(TopEdgeMetric::Bounds)),
@@ -77,64 +89,97 @@ pub fn layout_text(
         ]
         .map(|p| p.wrap());
 
-        // Anything else is handled by Typst's standard text layout.
         let styles = styles.chain(&local);
-        let text: EcoString =
+        let styled_text: EcoString =
             text.chars().map(|c| styled_char(styles, c, false)).collect();
-        if text.contains(is_newline) {
-            let mut fragments = vec![];
-            for (i, piece) in text.split(is_newline).enumerate() {
-                if i != 0 {
-                    fragments.push(MathFragment::Linebreak);
-                }
-                if !piece.is_empty() {
-                    fragments.push(layout_complex_text(piece, ctx, span, styles)?.into());
-                }
-            }
-            let mut frame = MathRun::new(fragments).into_frame(styles);
-            let axis = scaled!(ctx, styles, axis_height);
-            frame.set_baseline(frame.height() / 2.0 + axis);
-            FrameFragment::new(styles, frame).into()
-        } else {
-            layout_complex_text(&text, ctx, span, styles)?.into()
+
+        let spaced = styled_text.graphemes(true).nth(1).is_some();
+        let elem = TextElem::packed(styled_text).spanned(span);
+
+        // There isn't a natural width for a paragraph in a math environment;
+        // because it will be placed somewhere probably not at the left margin
+        // it will overflow. So emulate an `hbox` instead and allow the
+        // paragraph to extend as far as needed.
+        let frame = crate::inline::layout_inline(
+            ctx.engine,
+            &[(&elem, styles)],
+            &mut ctx.locator.next(&span).split(),
+            styles,
+            Size::splat(Abs::inf()),
+            false,
+            None,
+        )?
+        .into_frame();
+
+        Ok(FrameFragment::new(styles, frame)
+            .with_class(MathClass::Alphabetic)
+            .with_text_like(true)
+            .with_spaced(spaced))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Layout a single character in the math font with the correct styling applied
+/// (includes auto-italics).
+pub fn layout_symbol(
+    elem: &Packed<SymbolElem>,
+    ctx: &mut MathContext,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Switch dotless char to normal when we have the dtls OpenType feature.
+    // This should happen before the main styling pass.
+    let (unstyled_c, dtls) = match try_dotless(elem.text) {
+        Some(c) if ctx.dtls_table.is_some() => (c, true),
+        _ => (elem.text, false),
+    };
+    let c = styled_char(styles, unstyled_c, true);
+    let fragment = match GlyphFragment::try_new(ctx, styles, c, elem.span()) {
+        Some(glyph) => layout_glyph(glyph, dtls, ctx, styles),
+        None => {
+            // Not in the math font, fallback to normal inline text layout.
+            layout_inline_text(c.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]), elem.span(), ctx, styles)?
+                .into()
         }
     };
-
     ctx.push(fragment);
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Layout the given text string into a [`FrameFragment`].
-fn layout_complex_text(
-    text: &str,
+/// Layout a [`GlyphFragment`].
+fn layout_glyph(
+    mut glyph: GlyphFragment,
+    dtls: bool,
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
-    span: Span,
     styles: StyleChain,
-) -> SourceResult<FrameFragment> {
-    // There isn't a natural width for a paragraph in a math environment;
-    // because it will be placed somewhere probably not at the left margin
-    // it will overflow. So emulate an `hbox` instead and allow the paragraph
-    // to extend as far as needed.
-    let spaced = text.graphemes(true).nth(1).is_some();
-    let elem = TextElem::packed(text).spanned(span);
-    let frame = (ctx.engine.routines.layout_inline)(
-        ctx.engine,
-        &StyleVec::wrap(eco_vec![elem]),
-        ctx.locator.next(&span),
-        styles,
-        false,
-        Size::splat(Abs::inf()),
-        false,
-    )?
-    .into_frame();
+) -> MathFragment {
+    if dtls {
+        glyph.make_dotless_form(ctx);
+    }
+    let math_size = EquationElem::size_in(styles);
+    match math_size {
+        MathSize::Script => glyph.make_script_size(ctx),
+        MathSize::ScriptScript => glyph.make_script_script_size(ctx),
+        _ => {}
+    }
 
-    Ok(FrameFragment::new(styles, frame)
-        .with_class(MathClass::Alphabetic)
-        .with_text_like(true)
-        .with_spaced(spaced))
+    if glyph.class == MathClass::Large {
+        let mut variant = if math_size == MathSize::Display {
+            let height = scaled!(ctx, styles, display_operator_min_height)
+                .max(SQRT_2 * glyph.height());
+            glyph.stretch_vertical(ctx, height, Abs::zero())
+        } else {
+            glyph.into_variant()
+        };
+        // TeXbook p 155. Large operators are always vertically centered on the
+        // axis.
+        variant.center_on_axis(ctx);
+        variant.into()
+    } else {
+        glyph.into()
+    }
 }
 
-/// Select the correct styled math letter.
+/// Style the character by selecting the unicode codepoint for italic, bold,
+/// caligraphic, etc.
 ///
 /// <https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-core/#new-text-transform-mappings>
 /// <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols>
@@ -353,15 +398,12 @@ fn greek_exception(
     })
 }
 
-/// Switch dotless character to non dotless character for use of the dtls
-/// OpenType feature.
-pub fn dtls_char(c: char, dtls: &mut bool) -> char {
-    match (c, *dtls) {
-        ('ı', true) => 'i',
-        ('ȷ', true) => 'j',
-        _ => {
-            *dtls = false;
-            c
-        }
+/// The non-dotless version of a dotless character that can be used with the
+/// `dtls` OpenType feature.
+pub fn try_dotless(c: char) -> Option<char> {
+    match c {
+        'ı' => Some('i'),
+        'ȷ' => Some('j'),
+        _ => None,
     }
 }

crates/typst-layout/src/math/underover.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub fn layout_underline(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    layout_underoverline(ctx, styles, elem.body(), elem.span(), Position::Under)
+    layout_underoverline(ctx, styles, &elem.body, elem.span(), Position::Under)
 }
 
 /// Lays out an [`OverlineElem`].
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn layout_overline(
     ctx: &mut MathContext,
     styles: StyleChain,
 ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    layout_underoverline(ctx, styles, elem.body(), elem.span(), Position::Over)
+    layout_underoverline(ctx, styles, &elem.body, elem.span(), Position::Over)
 }
 
 /// Lays out an [`UnderbraceElem`].
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn layout_underbrace(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏟',
         BRACE_GAP,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn layout_overbrace(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏞',
         BRACE_GAP,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn layout_underbracket(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⎵',
         BRACKET_GAP,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn layout_overbracket(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⎴',
         BRACKET_GAP,
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub fn layout_underparen(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏝',
         PAREN_GAP,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn layout_overparen(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏜',
         PAREN_GAP,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn layout_undershell(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏡',
         SHELL_GAP,
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ pub fn layout_overshell(
     layout_underoverspreader(
         ctx,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         &elem.annotation(styles),
         '⏠',
         SHELL_GAP,

crates/typst-layout/src/modifiers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+use typst_library::foundations::StyleChain;
+use typst_library::layout::{Fragment, Frame, FrameItem, HideElem, Point};
+use typst_library::model::{Destination, LinkElem};
+
+/// Frame-level modifications resulting from styles that do not impose any
+/// layout structure.
+///
+/// These are always applied at the highest level of style uniformity.
+/// Consequently, they must be applied by all layouters that manually manage
+/// styles of their children (because they can produce children with varying
+/// styles). This currently includes flow, inline, and math layout.
+///
+/// Other layouters don't manually need to handle it because their parents that
+/// result from realization will take care of it and the styles can only apply
+/// to them as a whole, not part of it (since they don't manage styles).
+///
+/// Currently existing frame modifiers are:
+/// - `HideElem::hidden`
+/// - `LinkElem::dests`
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct FrameModifiers {
+    /// A destination to link to.
+    dest: Option<Destination>,
+    /// Whether the contents of the frame should be hidden.
+    hidden: bool,
+}
+
+impl FrameModifiers {
+    /// Retrieve all modifications that should be applied per-frame.
+    pub fn get_in(styles: StyleChain) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dest: LinkElem::current_in(styles),
+            hidden: HideElem::hidden_in(styles),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Applies [`FrameModifiers`].
+pub trait FrameModify {
+    /// Apply the modifiers in-place.
+    fn modify(&mut self, modifiers: &FrameModifiers);
+
+    /// Apply the modifiers, and return the modified result.
+    fn modified(mut self, modifiers: &FrameModifiers) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.modify(modifiers);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameModify for Frame {
+    fn modify(&mut self, modifiers: &FrameModifiers) {
+        if let Some(dest) = &modifiers.dest {
+            let size = self.size();
+            self.push(Point::zero(), FrameItem::Link(dest.clone(), size));
+        }
+
+        if modifiers.hidden {
+            self.hide();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FrameModify for Fragment {
+    fn modify(&mut self, modifiers: &FrameModifiers) {
+        for frame in self.iter_mut() {
+            frame.modify(modifiers);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, E> FrameModify for Result<T, E>
+where
+    T: FrameModify,
+{
+    fn modify(&mut self, props: &FrameModifiers) {
+        if let Ok(inner) = self {
+            inner.modify(props);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Performs layout and modification in one step.
+///
+/// This just runs `layout(styles).modified(&FrameModifiers::get_in(styles))`,
+/// but with the additional step that redundant modifiers (which are already
+/// applied here) are removed from the `styles` passed to `layout`. This is used
+/// for the layout of containers like `block`.
+pub fn layout_and_modify<F, R>(styles: StyleChain, layout: F) -> R
+where
+    F: FnOnce(StyleChain) -> R,
+    R: FrameModify,
+{
+    let modifiers = FrameModifiers::get_in(styles);
+
+    // Disable the current link internally since it's already applied at this
+    // level of layout. This means we don't generate redundant nested links,
+    // which may bloat the output considerably.
+    let reset;
+    let outer = styles;
+    let mut styles = styles;
+    if modifiers.dest.is_some() {
+        reset = LinkElem::set_current(None).wrap();
+        styles = outer.chain(&reset);
+    }
+
+    layout(styles).modified(&modifiers)
+}

crates/typst-layout/src/pages/collect.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum Item<'a> {
 /// things like tags and weak pagebreaks.
 pub fn collect<'a>(
     mut children: &'a mut [Pair<'a>],
-    mut locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
     mut initial: StyleChain<'a>,
 ) -> Vec<Item<'a>> {
     // The collected page-level items.

crates/typst-layout/src/pages/mod.rs

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn layout_document_impl(
         styles,
     )?;
 
-    let pages = layout_pages(&mut engine, &mut children, locator, styles)?;
+    let pages = layout_pages(&mut engine, &mut children, &mut locator, styles)?;
     let introspector = Introspector::paged(&pages);
 
     Ok(PagedDocument { pages, info, introspector })
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn layout_document_impl(
 fn layout_pages<'a>(
     engine: &mut Engine,
     children: &'a mut [Pair<'a>],
-    locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
     styles: StyleChain<'a>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Vec<Page>> {
     // Slice up the children into logical parts.

crates/typst-layout/src/pages/run.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use typst_library::visualize::Paint;
 use typst_library::World;
 use typst_utils::Numeric;
 
-use crate::flow::layout_flow;
+use crate::flow::{layout_flow, FlowMode};
 
 /// A mostly finished layout for one page. Needs only knowledge of its exact
 /// page number to be finalized into a `Page`. (Because the margins can depend
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ fn layout_page_run_impl(
         Regions::repeat(area, area.map(Abs::is_finite)),
         PageElem::columns_in(styles),
         ColumnsElem::gutter_in(styles),
-        true,
+        FlowMode::Root,
     )?;
 
     // Layouts a single marginal.

crates/typst-layout/src/shapes.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn layout_path(
         axes.resolve(styles).zip_map(region.size, Rel::relative_to).to_point()
     };
 
-    let vertices = elem.vertices();
+    let vertices = &elem.vertices;
     let points: Vec<Point> = vertices.iter().map(|c| resolve(c.vertex())).collect();
 
     let mut size = Size::zero();
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn layout_curve(
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
     let mut builder = CurveBuilder::new(region, styles);
 
-    for item in elem.components() {
+    for item in &elem.components {
         match item {
             CurveComponent::Move(element) => {
                 let relative = element.relative(styles);
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ pub fn layout_polygon(
     region: Region,
 ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
     let points: Vec<Point> = elem
-        .vertices()
+        .vertices
         .iter()
         .map(|c| c.resolve(styles).zip_map(region.size, Rel::relative_to).to_point())
         .collect();

crates/typst-layout/src/stack.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub fn layout_stack(
     let spacing = elem.spacing(styles);
     let mut deferred = None;
 
-    for child in elem.children() {
+    for child in &elem.children {
         match child {
             StackChild::Spacing(kind) => {
                 layouter.layout_spacing(*kind);
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ pub fn layout_stack(
             StackChild::Block(block) => {
                 // Transparently handle `h`.
                 if let (Axis::X, Some(h)) = (axis, block.to_packed::<HElem>()) {
-                    layouter.layout_spacing(*h.amount());
+                    layouter.layout_spacing(h.amount);
                     deferred = None;
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 // Transparently handle `v`.
                 if let (Axis::Y, Some(v)) = (axis, block.to_packed::<VElem>()) {
-                    layouter.layout_spacing(*v.amount());
+                    layouter.layout_spacing(v.amount);
                     deferred = None;
                     continue;
                 }

crates/typst-layout/src/transforms.rs

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn layout_rotate(
         region,
         size,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         Transform::rotate(angle),
         align,
         elem.reflow(styles),
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn layout_scale(
         region,
         size,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         Transform::scale(scale.x, scale.y),
         elem.origin(styles).resolve(styles),
         elem.reflow(styles),
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn layout_skew(
         region,
         size,
         styles,
-        elem.body(),
+        &elem.body,
         Transform::skew(ax, ay),
         align,
         elem.reflow(styles),

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/args.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::ops::Add;
 
 use ecow::{eco_format, eco_vec, EcoString, EcoVec};
 use typst_syntax::{Span, Spanned};
@@ -304,8 +305,6 @@ impl Args {
     /// ```
     #[func(constructor)]
     pub fn construct(
-        /// The real arguments (the other argument is just for the docs).
-        /// The docs argument cannot be called `args`.
         args: &mut Args,
         /// The arguments to construct.
         #[external]
@@ -366,7 +365,7 @@ impl Debug for Args {
 impl Repr for Args {
     fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
         let pieces = self.items.iter().map(Arg::repr).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        repr::pretty_array_like(&pieces, false).into()
+        eco_format!("arguments{}", repr::pretty_array_like(&pieces, false))
     }
 }
 
@@ -376,6 +375,21 @@ impl PartialEq for Args {
     }
 }
 
+impl Add for Args {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        self.items.retain(|item| {
+            !item.name.as_ref().is_some_and(|name| {
+                rhs.items.iter().any(|a| a.name.as_ref() == Some(name))
+            })
+        });
+        self.items.extend(rhs.items);
+        self.span = Span::detached();
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// An argument to a function call: `12` or `draw: false`.
 #[derive(Clone, Hash)]
 #[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)]

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/array.rs

@@ -301,9 +301,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn find(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item. Must return a boolean.
         searcher: Func,
@@ -325,9 +323,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn position(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item. Must return a boolean.
         searcher: Func,
@@ -363,8 +359,6 @@ impl Array {
     /// ```
     #[func]
     pub fn range(
-        /// The real arguments (the other arguments are just for the docs, this
-        /// function is a bit involved, so we parse the arguments manually).
         args: &mut Args,
         /// The start of the range (inclusive).
         #[external]
@@ -402,9 +396,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn filter(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item. Must return a boolean.
         test: Func,
@@ -427,9 +419,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn map(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item.
         mapper: Func,
@@ -481,8 +471,6 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn zip(
         self,
-        /// The real arguments (the `others` arguments are just for the docs, this
-        /// function is a bit involved, so we parse the positional arguments manually).
         args: &mut Args,
         /// Whether all arrays have to have the same length.
         /// For example, `{(1, 2).zip((1, 2, 3), exact: true)}` produces an
@@ -569,9 +557,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn fold(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The initial value to start with.
         init: Value,
@@ -631,9 +617,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn any(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item. Must return a boolean.
         test: Func,
@@ -651,9 +635,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn all(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The function to apply to each item. Must return a boolean.
         test: Func,
@@ -831,11 +813,8 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn sorted(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
         /// If given, applies this function to the elements in the array to
         /// determine the keys to sort by.
@@ -881,9 +860,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func(title = "Deduplicate")]
     pub fn dedup(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// If given, applies this function to the elements in the array to
         /// determine the keys to deduplicate by.
@@ -967,9 +944,7 @@ impl Array {
     #[func]
     pub fn reduce(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The reducing function. Must have two parameters: One for the
         /// accumulated value and one for an item.
@@ -1124,6 +1099,53 @@ impl<T: FromValue, const N: usize> FromValue for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
     }
 }
 
+/// One element, or multiple provided as an array.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct OneOrMultiple<T>(pub Vec<T>);
+
+impl<T: Reflect> Reflect for OneOrMultiple<T> {
+    fn input() -> CastInfo {
+        T::input() + Array::input()
+    }
+
+    fn output() -> CastInfo {
+        T::output() + Array::output()
+    }
+
+    fn castable(value: &Value) -> bool {
+        Array::castable(value) || T::castable(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: IntoValue + Clone> IntoValue for OneOrMultiple<T> {
+    fn into_value(self) -> Value {
+        self.0.into_value()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: FromValue> FromValue for OneOrMultiple<T> {
+    fn from_value(value: Value) -> HintedStrResult<Self> {
+        if T::castable(&value) {
+            return Ok(Self(vec![T::from_value(value)?]));
+        }
+        if Array::castable(&value) {
+            return Ok(Self(
+                Array::from_value(value)?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|value| T::from_value(value))
+                    .collect::<HintedStrResult<_>>()?,
+            ));
+        }
+        Err(Self::error(&value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for OneOrMultiple<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(vec![])
+    }
+}
+
 /// The error message when the array is empty.
 #[cold]
 fn array_is_empty() -> EcoString {

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/bytes.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::any::Any;
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Deref};
+use std::str::Utf8Error;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
@@ -39,28 +41,75 @@ use crate::foundations::{cast, func, scope, ty, Array, Reflect, Repr, Str, Value
 /// #str(data.slice(1, 4))
 /// ```
 #[ty(scope, cast)]
-#[derive(Clone, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub struct Bytes(Arc<LazyHash<Cow<'static, [u8]>>>);
+#[derive(Clone, Hash)]
+#[allow(clippy::derived_hash_with_manual_eq)]
+pub struct Bytes(Arc<LazyHash<dyn Bytelike>>);
 
 impl Bytes {
-    /// Create a buffer from a static byte slice.
-    pub fn from_static(slice: &'static [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self(Arc::new(LazyHash::new(Cow::Borrowed(slice))))
+    /// Create `Bytes` from anything byte-like.
+    ///
+    /// The `data` type will directly back this bytes object. This means you can
+    /// e.g. pass `&'static [u8]` or `[u8; 8]` and no extra vector will be
+    /// allocated.
+    ///
+    /// If the type is `Vec<u8>` and the `Bytes` are unique (i.e. not cloned),
+    /// the vector will be reused when mutating to the `Bytes`.
+    ///
+    /// If your source type is a string, prefer [`Bytes::from_string`] to
+    /// directly use the UTF-8 encoded string data without any copying.
+    pub fn new<T>(data: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: AsRef<[u8]> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        Self(Arc::new(LazyHash::new(data)))
+    }
+
+    /// Create `Bytes` from anything string-like, implicitly viewing the UTF-8
+    /// representation.
+    ///
+    /// The `data` type will directly back this bytes object. This means you can
+    /// e.g. pass `String` or `EcoString` without any copying.
+    pub fn from_string<T>(data: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: AsRef<str> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        Self(Arc::new(LazyHash::new(StrWrapper(data))))
     }
 
     /// Return `true` if the length is 0.
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.0.is_empty()
+        self.as_slice().is_empty()
     }
 
-    /// Return a view into the buffer.
+    /// Return a view into the bytes.
     pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Return a copy of the buffer as a vector.
+    /// Try to view the bytes as an UTF-8 string.
+    ///
+    /// If these bytes were created via `Bytes::from_string`, UTF-8 validation
+    /// is skipped.
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error> {
+        self.inner().as_str()
+    }
+
+    /// Return a copy of the bytes as a vector.
     pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        self.0.to_vec()
+        self.as_slice().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Try to turn the bytes into a `Str`.
+    ///
+    /// - If these bytes were created via `Bytes::from_string::<Str>`, the
+    ///   string is cloned directly.
+    /// - If these bytes were created via `Bytes::from_string`, but from a
+    ///   different type of string, UTF-8 validation is still skipped.
+    pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<Str, Utf8Error> {
+        match self.inner().as_any().downcast_ref::<Str>() {
+            Some(string) => Ok(string.clone()),
+            None => self.as_str().map(Into::into),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Resolve an index or throw an out of bounds error.
@@ -72,12 +121,15 @@ impl Bytes {
     ///
     /// `index == len` is considered in bounds.
     fn locate_opt(&self, index: i64) -> Option<usize> {
+        let len = self.as_slice().len();
         let wrapped =
-            if index >= 0 { Some(index) } else { (self.len() as i64).checked_add(index) };
+            if index >= 0 { Some(index) } else { (len as i64).checked_add(index) };
+        wrapped.and_then(|v| usize::try_from(v).ok()).filter(|&v| v <= len)
+    }
 
-        wrapped
-            .and_then(|v| usize::try_from(v).ok())
-            .filter(|&v| v <= self.0.len())
+    /// Access the inner `dyn Bytelike`.
+    fn inner(&self) -> &dyn Bytelike {
+        &**self.0
     }
 }
 
@@ -106,7 +158,7 @@ impl Bytes {
     /// The length in bytes.
     #[func(title = "Length")]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.0.len()
+        self.as_slice().len()
     }
 
     /// Returns the byte at the specified index. Returns the default value if
@@ -122,13 +174,13 @@ impl Bytes {
         default: Option<Value>,
     ) -> StrResult<Value> {
         self.locate_opt(index)
-            .and_then(|i| self.0.get(i).map(|&b| Value::Int(b.into())))
+            .and_then(|i| self.as_slice().get(i).map(|&b| Value::Int(b.into())))
             .or(default)
             .ok_or_else(|| out_of_bounds_no_default(index, self.len()))
     }
 
-    /// Extracts a subslice of the bytes. Fails with an error if the start or end
-    /// index is out of bounds.
+    /// Extracts a subslice of the bytes. Fails with an error if the start or
+    /// end index is out of bounds.
     #[func]
     pub fn slice(
         &self,
@@ -148,9 +200,17 @@ impl Bytes {
         if end.is_none() {
             end = count.map(|c: i64| start + c);
         }
+
         let start = self.locate(start)?;
         let end = self.locate(end.unwrap_or(self.len() as i64))?.max(start);
-        Ok(self.0[start..end].into())
+        let slice = &self.as_slice()[start..end];
+
+        // We could hold a view into the original bytes here instead of
+        // making a copy, but it's unclear when that's worth it. Java
+        // originally did that for strings, but went back on it because a
+        // very small view into a very large buffer would be a sort of
+        // memory leak.
+        Ok(Bytes::new(slice.to_vec()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -170,7 +230,15 @@ impl Deref for Bytes {
     type Target = [u8];
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
+        self.inner().as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Bytes {}
+
+impl PartialEq for Bytes {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.0.eq(&other.0)
     }
 }
 
@@ -180,18 +248,6 @@ impl AsRef<[u8]> for Bytes {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<&[u8]> for Bytes {
-    fn from(slice: &[u8]) -> Self {
-        Self(Arc::new(LazyHash::new(slice.to_vec().into())))
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Vec<u8>> for Bytes {
-    fn from(vec: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        Self(Arc::new(LazyHash::new(vec.into())))
-    }
-}
-
 impl Add for Bytes {
     type Output = Self;
 
@@ -207,10 +263,12 @@ impl AddAssign for Bytes {
             // Nothing to do
         } else if self.is_empty() {
             *self = rhs;
-        } else if Arc::strong_count(&self.0) == 1 && matches!(**self.0, Cow::Owned(_)) {
-            Arc::make_mut(&mut self.0).to_mut().extend_from_slice(&rhs);
+        } else if let Some(vec) = Arc::get_mut(&mut self.0)
+            .and_then(|unique| unique.as_any_mut().downcast_mut::<Vec<u8>>())
+        {
+            vec.extend_from_slice(&rhs);
         } else {
-            *self = Self::from([self.as_slice(), rhs.as_slice()].concat());
+            *self = Self::new([self.as_slice(), rhs.as_slice()].concat());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -228,20 +286,79 @@ impl Serialize for Bytes {
     }
 }
 
+/// Any type that can back a byte buffer.
+trait Bytelike: Send + Sync {
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
+    fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error>;
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
+}
+
+impl<T> Bytelike for T
+where
+    T: AsRef<[u8]> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error> {
+        std::str::from_utf8(self.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for dyn Bytelike {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.as_bytes().hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Makes string-like objects usable with `Bytes`.
+struct StrWrapper<T>(T);
+
+impl<T> Bytelike for StrWrapper<T>
+where
+    T: AsRef<str> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.0.as_ref().as_bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error> {
+        Ok(self.0.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 /// A value that can be cast to bytes.
 pub struct ToBytes(Bytes);
 
 cast! {
     ToBytes,
-    v: Str => Self(v.as_bytes().into()),
+    v: Str => Self(Bytes::from_string(v)),
     v: Array => Self(v.iter()
         .map(|item| match item {
             Value::Int(byte @ 0..=255) => Ok(*byte as u8),
             Value::Int(_) => bail!("number must be between 0 and 255"),
             value => Err(<u8 as Reflect>::error(value)),
         })
-        .collect::<Result<Vec<u8>, _>>()?
-        .into()
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<u8>, _>>()
+        .map(Bytes::new)?
     ),
     v: Bytes => Self(v),
 }

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/calc.rs

@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ cast! {
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Power")]
 pub fn pow(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The base of the power.
     ///
@@ -159,7 +158,6 @@ pub fn pow(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Exponential")]
 pub fn exp(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The exponent of the power.
     exponent: Spanned<Num>,
@@ -412,7 +410,6 @@ pub fn tanh(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Logarithm")]
 pub fn log(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The number whose logarithm to calculate. Must be strictly positive.
     value: Spanned<Num>,
@@ -454,7 +451,6 @@ pub fn log(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Natural Logarithm")]
 pub fn ln(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The number whose logarithm to calculate. Must be strictly positive.
     value: Spanned<Num>,
@@ -782,7 +778,6 @@ pub fn round(
 /// ```
 #[func]
 pub fn clamp(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The number to clamp.
     value: DecNum,
@@ -815,7 +810,6 @@ pub fn clamp(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Minimum")]
 pub fn min(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The sequence of values from which to extract the minimum.
     /// Must not be empty.
@@ -833,7 +827,6 @@ pub fn min(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Maximum")]
 pub fn max(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The sequence of values from which to extract the maximum.
     /// Must not be empty.
@@ -911,7 +904,6 @@ pub fn odd(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Remainder")]
 pub fn rem(
-    /// The span of the function call.
     span: Span,
     /// The dividend of the remainder.
     dividend: DecNum,
@@ -950,7 +942,6 @@ pub fn rem(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Euclidean Division")]
 pub fn div_euclid(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The dividend of the division.
     dividend: DecNum,
@@ -994,7 +985,6 @@ pub fn div_euclid(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Euclidean Remainder", keywords = ["modulo", "modulus"])]
 pub fn rem_euclid(
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The dividend of the remainder.
     dividend: DecNum,
@@ -1031,7 +1021,6 @@ pub fn rem_euclid(
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Quotient")]
 pub fn quo(
-    /// The span of the function call.
     span: Span,
     /// The dividend of the quotient.
     dividend: DecNum,

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/cast.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ use typst_syntax::{Span, Spanned};
 use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
 use crate::diag::{At, HintedStrResult, HintedString, SourceResult, StrResult};
-use crate::foundations::{array, repr, NativeElement, Packed, Repr, Str, Type, Value};
+use crate::foundations::{
+    array, repr, Fold, NativeElement, Packed, Repr, Str, Type, Value,
+};
 
 /// Determine details of a type.
 ///
@@ -497,3 +499,58 @@ cast! {
     /// An operator that can be both unary or binary like `+`.
     "vary" => MathClass::Vary,
 }
+
+/// A type that contains a user-visible source portion and something that is
+/// derived from it, but not user-visible.
+///
+/// An example usage would be `source` being a `DataSource` and `derived` a
+/// TextMate theme parsed from it. With `Derived`, we can store both parts in
+/// the `RawElem::theme` field and get automatic nice `Reflect` and `IntoValue`
+/// impls.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct Derived<S, D> {
+    /// The source portion.
+    pub source: S,
+    /// The derived portion.
+    pub derived: D,
+}
+
+impl<S, D> Derived<S, D> {
+    /// Create a new instance from the `source` and the `derived` data.
+    pub fn new(source: S, derived: D) -> Self {
+        Self { source, derived }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Reflect, D> Reflect for Derived<S, D> {
+    fn input() -> CastInfo {
+        S::input()
+    }
+
+    fn output() -> CastInfo {
+        S::output()
+    }
+
+    fn castable(value: &Value) -> bool {
+        S::castable(value)
+    }
+
+    fn error(found: &Value) -> HintedString {
+        S::error(found)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: IntoValue, D> IntoValue for Derived<S, D> {
+    fn into_value(self) -> Value {
+        self.source.into_value()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S: Fold, D: Fold> Fold for Derived<S, D> {
+    fn fold(self, outer: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            source: self.source.fold(outer.source),
+            derived: self.derived.fold(outer.derived),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/content.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use comemo::Tracked;
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
-use smallvec::smallvec;
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::{fat, singleton, LazyHash, SmallBitSet};
 
@@ -500,7 +499,7 @@ impl Content {
 
     /// Link the content somewhere.
     pub fn linked(self, dest: Destination) -> Self {
-        self.styled(LinkElem::set_dests(smallvec![dest]))
+        self.styled(LinkElem::set_current(Some(dest)))
     }
 
     /// Set alignments for this content.

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/datetime.rs

@@ -318,7 +318,6 @@ impl Datetime {
     /// ```
     #[func]
     pub fn today(
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
         /// An offset to apply to the current UTC date. If set to `{auto}`, the
         /// offset will be the local offset.

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/float.rs

@@ -163,18 +163,14 @@ impl f64 {
         size: u32,
     ) -> StrResult<Bytes> {
         Ok(match size {
-            8 => match endian {
+            8 => Bytes::new(match endian {
                 Endianness::Little => self.to_le_bytes(),
                 Endianness::Big => self.to_be_bytes(),
-            }
-            .as_slice()
-            .into(),
-            4 => match endian {
+            }),
+            4 => Bytes::new(match endian {
                 Endianness::Little => (self as f32).to_le_bytes(),
                 Endianness::Big => (self as f32).to_be_bytes(),
-            }
-            .as_slice()
-            .into(),
+            }),
             _ => bail!("size must be either 4 or 8"),
         })
     }

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/func.rs

@@ -334,8 +334,6 @@ impl Func {
     #[func]
     pub fn with(
         self,
-        /// The real arguments (the other argument is just for the docs).
-        /// The docs argument cannot be called `args`.
         args: &mut Args,
         /// The arguments to apply to the function.
         #[external]
@@ -361,8 +359,6 @@ impl Func {
     #[func]
     pub fn where_(
         self,
-        /// The real arguments (the other argument is just for the docs).
-        /// The docs argument cannot be called `args`.
         args: &mut Args,
         /// The fields to filter for.
         #[variadic]

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/int.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::num::{NonZeroI64, NonZeroIsize, NonZeroU64, NonZeroUsize, ParseIntError};
 
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, StrResult};
 use crate::foundations::{
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ impl i64 {
             Endianness::Little => self.to_le_bytes(),
         };
 
-        let mut buf = vec![0u8; size];
+        let mut buf = SmallVec::<[u8; 8]>::from_elem(0, size);
         match endian {
             Endianness::Big => {
                 // Copy the bytes from the array to the buffer, starting from
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ impl i64 {
             }
         }
 
-        Bytes::from(buf)
+        Bytes::new(buf)
     }
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/mod.rs

@@ -266,7 +266,6 @@ impl assert {
 /// ```
 #[func(title = "Evaluate")]
 pub fn eval(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
     /// A string of Typst code to evaluate.
     source: Spanned<String>,

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/ops.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ use ecow::eco_format;
 use typst_utils::Numeric;
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, HintedStrResult, StrResult};
-use crate::foundations::{format_str, Datetime, IntoValue, Regex, Repr, Value};
+use crate::foundations::{
+    format_str, Datetime, IntoValue, Regex, Repr, SymbolElem, Value,
+};
 use crate::layout::{Alignment, Length, Rel};
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 use crate::visualize::Stroke;
@@ -30,12 +32,13 @@ pub fn join(lhs: Value, rhs: Value) -> StrResult<Value> {
         (Symbol(a), Str(b)) => Str(format_str!("{a}{b}")),
         (Bytes(a), Bytes(b)) => Bytes(a + b),
         (Content(a), Content(b)) => Content(a + b),
-        (Content(a), Symbol(b)) => Content(a + TextElem::packed(b.get())),
+        (Content(a), Symbol(b)) => Content(a + SymbolElem::packed(b.get())),
         (Content(a), Str(b)) => Content(a + TextElem::packed(b)),
         (Str(a), Content(b)) => Content(TextElem::packed(a) + b),
-        (Symbol(a), Content(b)) => Content(TextElem::packed(a.get()) + b),
+        (Symbol(a), Content(b)) => Content(SymbolElem::packed(a.get()) + b),
         (Array(a), Array(b)) => Array(a + b),
         (Dict(a), Dict(b)) => Dict(a + b),
+        (Args(a), Args(b)) => Args(a + b),
         (a, b) => mismatch!("cannot join {} with {}", a, b),
     })
 }
@@ -129,13 +132,14 @@ pub fn add(lhs: Value, rhs: Value) -> HintedStrResult<Value> {
         (Symbol(a), Str(b)) => Str(format_str!("{a}{b}")),
         (Bytes(a), Bytes(b)) => Bytes(a + b),
         (Content(a), Content(b)) => Content(a + b),
-        (Content(a), Symbol(b)) => Content(a + TextElem::packed(b.get())),
+        (Content(a), Symbol(b)) => Content(a + SymbolElem::packed(b.get())),
         (Content(a), Str(b)) => Content(a + TextElem::packed(b)),
         (Str(a), Content(b)) => Content(TextElem::packed(a) + b),
-        (Symbol(a), Content(b)) => Content(TextElem::packed(a.get()) + b),
+        (Symbol(a), Content(b)) => Content(SymbolElem::packed(a.get()) + b),
 
         (Array(a), Array(b)) => Array(a + b),
         (Dict(a), Dict(b)) => Dict(a + b),
+        (Args(a), Args(b)) => Args(a + b),
 
         (Color(color), Length(thickness)) | (Length(thickness), Color(color)) => {
             Stroke::from_pair(color, thickness).into_value()

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/plugin.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use wasmi::{AsContext, AsContextMut};
 use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult, StrResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, repr, scope, ty, Bytes};
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load};
 
 /// A WebAssembly plugin.
 ///
@@ -152,17 +152,14 @@ impl Plugin {
     /// Creates a new plugin from a WebAssembly file.
     #[func(constructor)]
     pub fn construct(
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// Path to a WebAssembly file.
+        /// A path to a WebAssembly file or raw WebAssembly bytes.
         ///
-        /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-        path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+        /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+        source: Spanned<DataSource>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Plugin> {
-        let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-        let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-        let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-        Plugin::new(data).at(span)
+        let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+        Plugin::new(data).at(source.span)
     }
 }
 
@@ -293,7 +290,7 @@ impl Plugin {
             _ => bail!("plugin did not respect the protocol"),
         };
 
-        Ok(output.into())
+        Ok(Bytes::new(output))
     }
 
     /// An iterator over all the function names defined by the plugin.

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/str.rs

@@ -425,9 +425,7 @@ impl Str {
     #[func]
     pub fn replace(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
         /// The pattern to search for.
         pattern: StrPattern,
@@ -577,9 +575,10 @@ impl Str {
     /// of the resulting parts.
     ///
     /// When the empty string is used as a separator, it separates every
-    /// character in the string, along with the beginning and end of the
-    /// string. In practice, this means that the resulting list of parts
-    /// will contain the empty string at the start and end of the list.
+    /// character (i.e., Unicode code point) in the string, along with the
+    /// beginning and end of the string. In practice, this means that the
+    /// resulting list of parts will contain the empty string at the start
+    /// and end of the list.
     #[func]
     pub fn split(
         &self,
@@ -783,11 +782,7 @@ cast! {
     v: f64 => Self::Str(repr::display_float(v).into()),
     v: Decimal => Self::Str(format_str!("{}", v)),
     v: Version => Self::Str(format_str!("{}", v)),
-    v: Bytes => Self::Str(
-        std::str::from_utf8(&v)
-            .map_err(|_| "bytes are not valid utf-8")?
-            .into()
-    ),
+    v: Bytes => Self::Str(v.to_str().map_err(|_| "bytes are not valid utf-8")?),
     v: Label => Self::Str(v.resolve().as_str().into()),
     v: Type => Self::Str(v.long_name().into()),
     v: Str => Self::Str(v),

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/styles.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use typst_utils::LazyHash;
 use crate::diag::{SourceResult, Trace, Tracepoint};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
-    cast, ty, Content, Context, Element, Func, NativeElement, Repr, Selector,
+    cast, ty, Content, Context, Element, Func, NativeElement, OneOrMultiple, Repr,
+    Selector,
 };
 use crate::text::{FontFamily, FontList, TextElem};
 
@@ -775,107 +776,6 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for Links<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// A sequence of elements with associated styles.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct StyleVec {
-    /// The elements themselves.
-    elements: EcoVec<Content>,
-    /// A run-length encoded list of style lists.
-    ///
-    /// Each element is a (styles, count) pair. Any elements whose
-    /// style falls after the end of this list is considered to
-    /// have an empty style list.
-    styles: EcoVec<(Styles, usize)>,
-}
-
-impl StyleVec {
-    /// Create a style vector from an unstyled vector content.
-    pub fn wrap(elements: EcoVec<Content>) -> Self {
-        Self { elements, styles: EcoVec::new() }
-    }
-
-    /// Create a `StyleVec` from a list of content with style chains.
-    pub fn create<'a>(buf: &[(&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>)]) -> (Self, StyleChain<'a>) {
-        let trunk = StyleChain::trunk(buf.iter().map(|&(_, s)| s)).unwrap_or_default();
-        let depth = trunk.links().count();
-
-        let mut elements = EcoVec::with_capacity(buf.len());
-        let mut styles = EcoVec::<(Styles, usize)>::new();
-        let mut last: Option<(StyleChain<'a>, usize)> = None;
-
-        for &(element, chain) in buf {
-            elements.push(element.clone());
-
-            if let Some((prev, run)) = &mut last {
-                if chain == *prev {
-                    *run += 1;
-                } else {
-                    styles.push((prev.suffix(depth), *run));
-                    last = Some((chain, 1));
-                }
-            } else {
-                last = Some((chain, 1));
-            }
-        }
-
-        if let Some((last, run)) = last {
-            let skippable = styles.is_empty() && last == trunk;
-            if !skippable {
-                styles.push((last.suffix(depth), run));
-            }
-        }
-
-        (StyleVec { elements, styles }, trunk)
-    }
-
-    /// Whether there are no elements.
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.elements.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    /// The number of elements.
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.elements.len()
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate over the contained content and style chains.
-    pub fn iter<'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        outer: &'a StyleChain<'_>,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
-        static EMPTY: Styles = Styles::new();
-        self.elements
-            .iter()
-            .zip(
-                self.styles
-                    .iter()
-                    .flat_map(|(local, count)| std::iter::repeat(local).take(*count))
-                    .chain(std::iter::repeat(&EMPTY)),
-            )
-            .map(|(element, local)| (element, outer.chain(local)))
-    }
-
-    /// Get a style property, but only if it is the same for all children of the
-    /// style vector.
-    pub fn shared_get<T: PartialEq>(
-        &self,
-        styles: StyleChain<'_>,
-        getter: fn(StyleChain) -> T,
-    ) -> Option<T> {
-        let value = getter(styles);
-        self.styles
-            .iter()
-            .all(|(local, _)| getter(styles.chain(local)) == value)
-            .then_some(value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Debug for StyleVec {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_list().entries(&self.elements).finish()
-    }
-}
-
 /// A property that is resolved with other properties from the style chain.
 pub trait Resolve {
     /// The type of the resolved output.
@@ -939,6 +839,13 @@ impl<T, const N: usize> Fold for SmallVec<[T; N]> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> Fold for OneOrMultiple<T> {
+    fn fold(self, mut outer: Self) -> Self {
+        outer.0.extend(self.0);
+        outer
+    }
+}
+
 /// A variant of fold for foldable optional (`Option<T>`) values where an inner
 /// `None` value isn't respected (contrary to `Option`'s usual `Fold`
 /// implementation, with which folding with an inner `None` always returns

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/symbol.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ use typst_syntax::{is_ident, Span, Spanned};
 use typst_utils::hash128;
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult, StrResult};
-use crate::foundations::{cast, func, scope, ty, Array, Func, NativeFunc, Repr as _};
+use crate::foundations::{
+    cast, elem, func, scope, ty, Array, Content, Func, NativeElement, NativeFunc, Packed,
+    PlainText, Repr as _,
+};
 
 /// A Unicode symbol.
 ///
@@ -187,7 +190,6 @@ impl Symbol {
     /// ```
     #[func(constructor)]
     pub fn construct(
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
         /// The variants of the symbol.
         ///
@@ -426,3 +428,31 @@ fn parts(modifiers: &str) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
 fn contained(modifiers: &str, m: &str) -> bool {
     parts(modifiers).any(|part| part == m)
 }
+
+/// A single character.
+#[elem(Repr, PlainText)]
+pub struct SymbolElem {
+    /// The symbol's character.
+    #[required]
+    pub text: char, // This is called `text` for consistency with `TextElem`.
+}
+
+impl SymbolElem {
+    /// Create a new packed symbol element.
+    pub fn packed(text: impl Into<char>) -> Content {
+        Self::new(text.into()).pack()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PlainText for Packed<SymbolElem> {
+    fn plain_text(&self, text: &mut EcoString) {
+        text.push(self.text);
+    }
+}
+
+impl crate::foundations::Repr for SymbolElem {
+    /// Use a custom repr that matches normal content.
+    fn repr(&self) -> EcoString {
+        eco_format!("[{}]", self.text)
+    }
+}

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/target.rs

@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@ pub struct TargetElem {
 
 /// Returns the current compilation target.
 #[func(contextual)]
-pub fn target(
-    /// The callsite context.
-    context: Tracked<Context>,
-) -> HintedStrResult<Target> {
+pub fn target(context: Tracked<Context>) -> HintedStrResult<Target> {
     Ok(TargetElem::target_in(context.styles()?))
 }

crates/typst-library/src/foundations/value.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     fields, ops, repr, Args, Array, AutoValue, Bytes, CastInfo, Content, Datetime,
     Decimal, Dict, Duration, Fold, FromValue, Func, IntoValue, Label, Module,
     NativeElement, NativeType, NoneValue, Plugin, Reflect, Repr, Resolve, Scope, Str,
-    Styles, Symbol, Type, Version,
+    Styles, Symbol, SymbolElem, Type, Version,
 };
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Angle, Em, Fr, Length, Ratio, Rel};
 use crate::text::{RawContent, RawElem, TextElem};
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl Value {
             Self::Decimal(v) => TextElem::packed(eco_format!("{v}")),
             Self::Str(v) => TextElem::packed(v),
             Self::Version(v) => TextElem::packed(eco_format!("{v}")),
-            Self::Symbol(v) => TextElem::packed(v.get()),
+            Self::Symbol(v) => SymbolElem::packed(v.get()),
             Self::Content(v) => v,
             Self::Module(module) => module.content(),
             _ => RawElem::new(RawContent::Text(self.repr()))
@@ -459,15 +459,15 @@ impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for ValueVisitor {
     }
 
     fn visit_bytes<E: Error>(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
-        Ok(Bytes::from(v).into_value())
+        Ok(Bytes::new(v.to_vec()).into_value())
     }
 
     fn visit_borrowed_bytes<E: Error>(self, v: &'de [u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
-        Ok(Bytes::from(v).into_value())
+        Ok(Bytes::new(v.to_vec()).into_value())
     }
 
     fn visit_byte_buf<E: Error>(self, v: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
-        Ok(Bytes::from(v).into_value())
+        Ok(Bytes::new(v).into_value())
     }
 
     fn visit_none<E: Error>(self) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ primitive! { Duration: "duration", Duration }
 primitive! { Content: "content",
     Content,
     None => Content::empty(),
-    Symbol(v) => TextElem::packed(v.get()),
+    Symbol(v) => SymbolElem::packed(v.get()),
     Str(v) => TextElem::packed(v)
 }
 primitive! { Styles: "styles", Styles }

crates/typst-library/src/html/dom.rs

@@ -210,7 +210,10 @@ impl HtmlAttr {
 
     /// Creates a compile-time constant `HtmlAttr`.
     ///
-    /// Should only be used in const contexts because it can panic.
+    /// Must only be used in const contexts (in a constant definition or
+    /// explicit `const { .. }` block) because otherwise a panic for a malformed
+    /// attribute or not auto-internible constant will only be caught at
+    /// runtime.
     #[track_caller]
     pub const fn constant(string: &'static str) -> Self {
         if string.is_empty() {
@@ -472,17 +475,55 @@ pub mod tag {
         wbr
     }
 
+    /// Whether this is a void tag whose associated element may not have a
+    /// children.
+    pub fn is_void(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            tag,
+            self::area
+                | self::base
+                | self::br
+                | self::col
+                | self::embed
+                | self::hr
+                | self::img
+                | self::input
+                | self::link
+                | self::meta
+                | self::param
+                | self::source
+                | self::track
+                | self::wbr
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this is a tag containing raw text.
+    pub fn is_raw(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+        matches!(tag, self::script | self::style)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this is a tag containing escapable raw text.
+    pub fn is_escapable_raw(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+        matches!(tag, self::textarea | self::title)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether an element is considered metadata.
+    pub fn is_metadata(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            tag,
+            self::base
+                | self::link
+                | self::meta
+                | self::noscript
+                | self::script
+                | self::style
+                | self::template
+                | self::title
+        )
+    }
+
     /// Whether nodes with the tag have the CSS property `display: block` by
     /// default.
-    ///
-    /// If this is true, then pretty-printing can insert spaces around such
-    /// nodes and around the contents of such nodes.
-    ///
-    /// However, when users change the properties of such tags via CSS, the
-    /// insertion of whitespace may actually impact the visual output; for
-    /// example, <https://www.w3.org/TR/css-text-3/#example-af2745cd> shows how
-    /// adding CSS rules to `<p>` can make it sensitive to whitespace. In such
-    /// cases, users should disable pretty-printing.
     pub fn is_block_by_default(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
         matches!(
             tag,
@@ -569,42 +610,29 @@ pub mod tag {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Whether this is a void tag whose associated element may not have a
-    /// children.
-    pub fn is_void(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
+    /// Whether nodes with the tag have the CSS property `display: table(-.*)?`
+    /// by default.
+    pub fn is_tabular_by_default(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
         matches!(
             tag,
-            self::area
-                | self::base
-                | self::br
+            self::table
+                | self::thead
+                | self::tbody
+                | self::tfoot
+                | self::tr
+                | self::th
+                | self::td
+                | self::caption
                 | self::col
-                | self::embed
-                | self::hr
-                | self::img
-                | self::input
-                | self::link
-                | self::meta
-                | self::param
-                | self::source
-                | self::track
-                | self::wbr
+                | self::colgroup
         )
     }
-
-    /// Whether this is a tag containing raw text.
-    pub fn is_raw(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
-        matches!(tag, self::script | self::style)
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this is a tag containing escapable raw text.
-    pub fn is_escapable_raw(tag: HtmlTag) -> bool {
-        matches!(tag, self::textarea | self::title)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Predefined constants for HTML attributes.
 ///
 /// Note: These are very incomplete.
+#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
 pub mod attr {
     use super::HtmlAttr;
 
@@ -619,13 +647,18 @@ pub mod attr {
 
     attrs! {
         charset
+        cite
+        colspan
         content
         href
         name
-        value
+        reversed
         role
+        rowspan
+        start
+        style
+        value
     }
 
-    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
     pub const aria_level: HtmlAttr = HtmlAttr::constant("aria-level");
 }

crates/typst-library/src/introspection/counter.rs

@@ -428,11 +428,8 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn get(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
     ) -> SourceResult<CounterState> {
         let loc = context.location().at(span)?;
@@ -444,11 +441,8 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn display(
         self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The call span of the display.
         span: Span,
         /// A [numbering pattern or a function]($numbering), which specifies how
         /// to display the counter. If given a function, that function receives
@@ -482,11 +476,8 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn at(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
         /// The place at which the counter's value should be retrieved.
         selector: LocatableSelector,
@@ -500,11 +491,8 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn final_(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
     ) -> SourceResult<CounterState> {
         context.introspect().at(span)?;
@@ -528,7 +516,6 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func]
     pub fn step(
         self,
-        /// The call span of the update.
         span: Span,
         /// The depth at which to step the counter. Defaults to `{1}`.
         #[named]
@@ -545,7 +532,6 @@ impl Counter {
     #[func]
     pub fn update(
         self,
-        /// The call span of the update.
         span: Span,
         /// If given an integer or array of integers, sets the counter to that
         /// value. If given a function, that function receives the previous
@@ -800,7 +786,7 @@ impl ManualPageCounter {
                     let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<CounterUpdateElem>() else {
                         continue;
                     };
-                    if *elem.key() == CounterKey::Page {
+                    if elem.key == CounterKey::Page {
                         let mut state = CounterState(smallvec![self.logical]);
                         state.update(engine, elem.update.clone())?;
                         self.logical = state.first();

crates/typst-library/src/introspection/here.rs

@@ -44,9 +44,6 @@ use crate::introspection::Location;
 /// ```
 /// Refer to the [`selector`] type for more details on before/after selectors.
 #[func(contextual)]
-pub fn here(
-    /// The callsite context.
-    context: Tracked<Context>,
-) -> HintedStrResult<Location> {
+pub fn here(context: Tracked<Context>) -> HintedStrResult<Location> {
     context.location()
 }

crates/typst-library/src/introspection/locate.rs

@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@ use crate::introspection::Location;
 /// ```
 #[func(contextual)]
 pub fn locate(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// The callsite context.
     context: Tracked<Context>,
     /// A selector that should match exactly one element. This element will be
     /// located.

crates/typst-library/src/introspection/query.rs

@@ -136,9 +136,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{func, Array, Context, LocatableSelector, Value};
 /// ```
 #[func(contextual)]
 pub fn query(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// The callsite context.
     context: Tracked<Context>,
     /// Can be
     /// - an element function like a `heading` or `figure`,

crates/typst-library/src/introspection/state.rs

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl State {
 
         for elem in introspector.query(&self.selector()) {
             let elem = elem.to_packed::<StateUpdateElem>().unwrap();
-            match elem.update() {
+            match &elem.update {
                 StateUpdate::Set(value) => state = value.clone(),
                 StateUpdate::Func(func) => {
                     state = func.call(&mut engine, Context::none().track(), [state])?
@@ -289,11 +289,8 @@ impl State {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn get(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
         let loc = context.location().at(span)?;
@@ -309,11 +306,8 @@ impl State {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn at(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
         /// The place at which the state's value should be retrieved.
         selector: LocatableSelector,
@@ -326,11 +320,8 @@ impl State {
     #[func(contextual)]
     pub fn final_(
         &self,
-        /// The engine.
         engine: &mut Engine,
-        /// The callsite context.
         context: Tracked<Context>,
-        /// The callsite span.
         span: Span,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
         context.introspect().at(span)?;
@@ -349,7 +340,6 @@ impl State {
     #[func]
     pub fn update(
         self,
-        /// The span of the `update` call.
         span: Span,
         /// If given a non function-value, sets the state to that value. If
         /// given a function, that function receives the previous state and has

crates/typst-library/src/layout/align.rs

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ pub struct AlignElem {
 impl Show for Packed<AlignElem> {
     #[typst_macros::time(name = "align", span = self.span())]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().clone().aligned(self.alignment(styles)))
+        Ok(self.body.clone().aligned(self.alignment(styles)))
     }
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/layout/container.rs

@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ use crate::visualize::{Paint, Stroke};
 /// An inline-level container that sizes content.
 ///
 /// All elements except inline math, text, and boxes are block-level and cannot
-/// occur inside of a paragraph. The box function can be used to integrate such
-/// elements into a paragraph. Boxes take the size of their contents by default
-/// but can also be sized explicitly.
+/// occur inside of a [paragraph]($par). The box function can be used to
+/// integrate such elements into a paragraph. Boxes take the size of their
+/// contents by default but can also be sized explicitly.
 ///
 /// # Example
 /// ```example
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl Packed<InlineElem> {
         styles: StyleChain,
         region: Size,
     ) -> SourceResult<Vec<InlineItem>> {
-        self.body().call(engine, locator, styles, region)
+        self.body.call(engine, locator, styles, region)
     }
 }
 
@@ -184,6 +184,10 @@ pub enum InlineItem {
 /// Such a container can be used to separate content, size it, and give it a
 /// background or border.
 ///
+/// Blocks are also the primary way to control whether text becomes part of a
+/// paragraph or not. See [the paragraph documentation]($par/#what-becomes-a-paragraph)
+/// for more details.
+///
 /// # Examples
 /// With a block, you can give a background to content while still allowing it
 /// to break across multiple pages.

crates/typst-library/src/layout/frame.rs

@@ -4,16 +4,13 @@ use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use smallvec::SmallVec;
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::{LazyHash, Numeric};
 
-use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Dict, Label, StyleChain, Value};
+use crate::foundations::{cast, dict, Dict, Label, Value};
 use crate::introspection::{Location, Tag};
-use crate::layout::{
-    Abs, Axes, FixedAlignment, HideElem, Length, Point, Size, Transform,
-};
-use crate::model::{Destination, LinkElem};
+use crate::layout::{Abs, Axes, FixedAlignment, Length, Point, Size, Transform};
+use crate::model::Destination;
 use crate::text::TextItem;
 use crate::visualize::{Color, Curve, FixedStroke, Geometry, Image, Paint, Shape};
 
@@ -304,49 +301,6 @@ impl Frame {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Apply late-stage properties from the style chain to this frame. This
-    /// includes:
-    /// - `HideElem::hidden`
-    /// - `LinkElem::dests`
-    ///
-    /// This must be called on all frames produced by elements
-    /// that manually handle styles (because their children can have varying
-    /// styles). This currently includes flow, par, and equation.
-    ///
-    /// Other elements don't manually need to handle it because their parents
-    /// that result from realization will take care of it and the styles can
-    /// only apply to them as a whole, not part of it (because they don't manage
-    /// styles).
-    pub fn post_processed(mut self, styles: StyleChain) -> Self {
-        self.post_process(styles);
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Post process in place.
-    pub fn post_process(&mut self, styles: StyleChain) {
-        if !self.is_empty() {
-            self.post_process_raw(
-                LinkElem::dests_in(styles),
-                HideElem::hidden_in(styles),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Apply raw late-stage properties from the raw data.
-    pub fn post_process_raw(&mut self, dests: SmallVec<[Destination; 1]>, hide: bool) {
-        if !self.is_empty() {
-            let size = self.size;
-            self.push_multiple(
-                dests
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|dest| (Point::zero(), FrameItem::Link(dest, size))),
-            );
-            if hide {
-                self.hide();
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Hide all content in the frame, but keep metadata.
     pub fn hide(&mut self) {
         Arc::make_mut(&mut self.items).retain_mut(|(_, item)| match item {

crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+pub mod resolve;
+
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -747,7 +749,7 @@ cast! {
 
 impl Show for Packed<GridCell> {
     fn show(&self, _engine: &mut Engine, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        show_grid_cell(self.body().clone(), self.inset(styles), self.align(styles))
+        show_grid_cell(self.body.clone(), self.inset(styles), self.align(styles))
     }
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/layout/grid/resolve.rs

@@ -2,19 +2,463 @@ use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use ecow::eco_format;
-use typst_library::diag::{bail, At, Hint, HintedStrResult, HintedString, SourceResult};
+use typst_library::diag::{
+    bail, At, Hint, HintedStrResult, HintedString, SourceResult, Trace, Tracepoint,
+};
 use typst_library::engine::Engine;
-use typst_library::foundations::{Content, Smart, StyleChain};
+use typst_library::foundations::{Content, Fold, Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
 use typst_library::introspection::Locator;
 use typst_library::layout::{
-    Abs, Alignment, Axes, Celled, Fragment, Length, Regions, Rel, ResolvedCelled, Sides,
-    Sizing,
+    Abs, Alignment, Axes, Celled, GridCell, GridChild, GridElem, GridItem, Length,
+    OuterHAlignment, OuterVAlignment, Rel, ResolvedCelled, Sides, Sizing,
 };
+use typst_library::model::{TableCell, TableChild, TableElem, TableItem};
+use typst_library::text::TextElem;
 use typst_library::visualize::{Paint, Stroke};
+use typst_library::Dir;
+
 use typst_syntax::Span;
 use typst_utils::NonZeroExt;
 
-use super::{Footer, Header, Line, Repeatable};
+/// Convert a grid to a cell grid.
+#[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
+pub fn grid_to_cellgrid<'a>(
+    elem: &Packed<GridElem>,
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator<'a>,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<CellGrid<'a>> {
+    let inset = elem.inset(styles);
+    let align = elem.align(styles);
+    let columns = elem.columns(styles);
+    let rows = elem.rows(styles);
+    let column_gutter = elem.column_gutter(styles);
+    let row_gutter = elem.row_gutter(styles);
+    let fill = elem.fill(styles);
+    let stroke = elem.stroke(styles);
+
+    let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
+    let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
+    // Use trace to link back to the grid when a specific cell errors
+    let tracepoint = || Tracepoint::Call(Some(eco_format!("grid")));
+    let resolve_item = |item: &GridItem| grid_item_to_resolvable(item, styles);
+    let children = elem.children.iter().map(|child| match child {
+        GridChild::Header(header) => ResolvableGridChild::Header {
+            repeat: header.repeat(styles),
+            span: header.span(),
+            items: header.children.iter().map(resolve_item),
+        },
+        GridChild::Footer(footer) => ResolvableGridChild::Footer {
+            repeat: footer.repeat(styles),
+            span: footer.span(),
+            items: footer.children.iter().map(resolve_item),
+        },
+        GridChild::Item(item) => {
+            ResolvableGridChild::Item(grid_item_to_resolvable(item, styles))
+        }
+    });
+    CellGrid::resolve(
+        tracks,
+        gutter,
+        locator,
+        children,
+        fill,
+        align,
+        &inset,
+        &stroke,
+        engine,
+        styles,
+        elem.span(),
+    )
+    .trace(engine.world, tracepoint, elem.span())
+}
+
+/// Convert a table to a cell grid.
+#[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
+pub fn table_to_cellgrid<'a>(
+    elem: &Packed<TableElem>,
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: Locator<'a>,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<CellGrid<'a>> {
+    let inset = elem.inset(styles);
+    let align = elem.align(styles);
+    let columns = elem.columns(styles);
+    let rows = elem.rows(styles);
+    let column_gutter = elem.column_gutter(styles);
+    let row_gutter = elem.row_gutter(styles);
+    let fill = elem.fill(styles);
+    let stroke = elem.stroke(styles);
+
+    let tracks = Axes::new(columns.0.as_slice(), rows.0.as_slice());
+    let gutter = Axes::new(column_gutter.0.as_slice(), row_gutter.0.as_slice());
+    // Use trace to link back to the table when a specific cell errors
+    let tracepoint = || Tracepoint::Call(Some(eco_format!("table")));
+    let resolve_item = |item: &TableItem| table_item_to_resolvable(item, styles);
+    let children = elem.children.iter().map(|child| match child {
+        TableChild::Header(header) => ResolvableGridChild::Header {
+            repeat: header.repeat(styles),
+            span: header.span(),
+            items: header.children.iter().map(resolve_item),
+        },
+        TableChild::Footer(footer) => ResolvableGridChild::Footer {
+            repeat: footer.repeat(styles),
+            span: footer.span(),
+            items: footer.children.iter().map(resolve_item),
+        },
+        TableChild::Item(item) => {
+            ResolvableGridChild::Item(table_item_to_resolvable(item, styles))
+        }
+    });
+    CellGrid::resolve(
+        tracks,
+        gutter,
+        locator,
+        children,
+        fill,
+        align,
+        &inset,
+        &stroke,
+        engine,
+        styles,
+        elem.span(),
+    )
+    .trace(engine.world, tracepoint, elem.span())
+}
+
+fn grid_item_to_resolvable(
+    item: &GridItem,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> ResolvableGridItem<Packed<GridCell>> {
+    match item {
+        GridItem::HLine(hline) => ResolvableGridItem::HLine {
+            y: hline.y(styles),
+            start: hline.start(styles),
+            end: hline.end(styles),
+            stroke: hline.stroke(styles),
+            span: hline.span(),
+            position: match hline.position(styles) {
+                OuterVAlignment::Top => LinePosition::Before,
+                OuterVAlignment::Bottom => LinePosition::After,
+            },
+        },
+        GridItem::VLine(vline) => ResolvableGridItem::VLine {
+            x: vline.x(styles),
+            start: vline.start(styles),
+            end: vline.end(styles),
+            stroke: vline.stroke(styles),
+            span: vline.span(),
+            position: match vline.position(styles) {
+                OuterHAlignment::Left if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
+                    LinePosition::After
+                }
+                OuterHAlignment::Right if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
+                    LinePosition::Before
+                }
+                OuterHAlignment::Start | OuterHAlignment::Left => LinePosition::Before,
+                OuterHAlignment::End | OuterHAlignment::Right => LinePosition::After,
+            },
+        },
+        GridItem::Cell(cell) => ResolvableGridItem::Cell(cell.clone()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn table_item_to_resolvable(
+    item: &TableItem,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> ResolvableGridItem<Packed<TableCell>> {
+    match item {
+        TableItem::HLine(hline) => ResolvableGridItem::HLine {
+            y: hline.y(styles),
+            start: hline.start(styles),
+            end: hline.end(styles),
+            stroke: hline.stroke(styles),
+            span: hline.span(),
+            position: match hline.position(styles) {
+                OuterVAlignment::Top => LinePosition::Before,
+                OuterVAlignment::Bottom => LinePosition::After,
+            },
+        },
+        TableItem::VLine(vline) => ResolvableGridItem::VLine {
+            x: vline.x(styles),
+            start: vline.start(styles),
+            end: vline.end(styles),
+            stroke: vline.stroke(styles),
+            span: vline.span(),
+            position: match vline.position(styles) {
+                OuterHAlignment::Left if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
+                    LinePosition::After
+                }
+                OuterHAlignment::Right if TextElem::dir_in(styles) == Dir::RTL => {
+                    LinePosition::Before
+                }
+                OuterHAlignment::Start | OuterHAlignment::Left => LinePosition::Before,
+                OuterHAlignment::End | OuterHAlignment::Right => LinePosition::After,
+            },
+        },
+        TableItem::Cell(cell) => ResolvableGridItem::Cell(cell.clone()),
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResolvableCell for Packed<TableCell> {
+    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
+        mut self,
+        x: usize,
+        y: usize,
+        fill: &Option<Paint>,
+        align: Smart<Alignment>,
+        inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
+        stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
+        breakable: bool,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+    ) -> Cell<'a> {
+        let cell = &mut *self;
+        let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
+        let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
+        let breakable = cell.breakable(styles).unwrap_or(breakable);
+        let fill = cell.fill(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| fill.clone());
+
+        let cell_stroke = cell.stroke(styles);
+        let stroke_overridden =
+            cell_stroke.as_ref().map(|side| matches!(side, Some(Some(_))));
+
+        // Using a typical 'Sides' fold, an unspecified side loses to a
+        // specified side. Additionally, when both are specified, an inner
+        // None wins over the outer Some, and vice-versa. When both are
+        // specified and Some, fold occurs, which, remarkably, leads to an Arc
+        // clone.
+        //
+        // In the end, we flatten because, for layout purposes, an unspecified
+        // cell stroke is the same as specifying 'none', so we equate the two
+        // concepts.
+        let stroke = cell_stroke.fold(stroke).map(Option::flatten);
+        cell.push_x(Smart::Custom(x));
+        cell.push_y(Smart::Custom(y));
+        cell.push_fill(Smart::Custom(fill.clone()));
+        cell.push_align(match align {
+            Smart::Custom(align) => {
+                Smart::Custom(cell.align(styles).map_or(align, |inner| inner.fold(align)))
+            }
+            // Don't fold if the table is using outer alignment. Use the
+            // cell's alignment instead (which, in the end, will fold with
+            // the outer alignment when it is effectively displayed).
+            Smart::Auto => cell.align(styles),
+        });
+        cell.push_inset(Smart::Custom(
+            cell.inset(styles).map_or(inset, |inner| inner.fold(inset)),
+        ));
+        cell.push_stroke(
+            // Here we convert the resolved stroke to a regular stroke, however
+            // with resolved units (that is, 'em' converted to absolute units).
+            // We also convert any stroke unspecified by both the cell and the
+            // outer stroke ('None' in the folded stroke) to 'none', that is,
+            // all sides are present in the resulting Sides object accessible
+            // by show rules on table cells.
+            stroke.as_ref().map(|side| {
+                Some(side.as_ref().map(|cell_stroke| {
+                    Arc::new((**cell_stroke).clone().map(Length::from))
+                }))
+            }),
+        );
+        cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
+        Cell {
+            body: self.pack(),
+            locator,
+            fill,
+            colspan,
+            rowspan,
+            stroke,
+            stroke_overridden,
+            breakable,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn x(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
+        (**self).x(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn y(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
+        (**self).y(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn colspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
+        (**self).colspan(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn rowspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
+        (**self).rowspan(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Packed::span(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResolvableCell for Packed<GridCell> {
+    fn resolve_cell<'a>(
+        mut self,
+        x: usize,
+        y: usize,
+        fill: &Option<Paint>,
+        align: Smart<Alignment>,
+        inset: Sides<Option<Rel<Length>>>,
+        stroke: Sides<Option<Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>>>,
+        breakable: bool,
+        locator: Locator<'a>,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+    ) -> Cell<'a> {
+        let cell = &mut *self;
+        let colspan = cell.colspan(styles);
+        let rowspan = cell.rowspan(styles);
+        let breakable = cell.breakable(styles).unwrap_or(breakable);
+        let fill = cell.fill(styles).unwrap_or_else(|| fill.clone());
+
+        let cell_stroke = cell.stroke(styles);
+        let stroke_overridden =
+            cell_stroke.as_ref().map(|side| matches!(side, Some(Some(_))));
+
+        // Using a typical 'Sides' fold, an unspecified side loses to a
+        // specified side. Additionally, when both are specified, an inner
+        // None wins over the outer Some, and vice-versa. When both are
+        // specified and Some, fold occurs, which, remarkably, leads to an Arc
+        // clone.
+        //
+        // In the end, we flatten because, for layout purposes, an unspecified
+        // cell stroke is the same as specifying 'none', so we equate the two
+        // concepts.
+        let stroke = cell_stroke.fold(stroke).map(Option::flatten);
+        cell.push_x(Smart::Custom(x));
+        cell.push_y(Smart::Custom(y));
+        cell.push_fill(Smart::Custom(fill.clone()));
+        cell.push_align(match align {
+            Smart::Custom(align) => {
+                Smart::Custom(cell.align(styles).map_or(align, |inner| inner.fold(align)))
+            }
+            // Don't fold if the grid is using outer alignment. Use the
+            // cell's alignment instead (which, in the end, will fold with
+            // the outer alignment when it is effectively displayed).
+            Smart::Auto => cell.align(styles),
+        });
+        cell.push_inset(Smart::Custom(
+            cell.inset(styles).map_or(inset, |inner| inner.fold(inset)),
+        ));
+        cell.push_stroke(
+            // Here we convert the resolved stroke to a regular stroke, however
+            // with resolved units (that is, 'em' converted to absolute units).
+            // We also convert any stroke unspecified by both the cell and the
+            // outer stroke ('None' in the folded stroke) to 'none', that is,
+            // all sides are present in the resulting Sides object accessible
+            // by show rules on grid cells.
+            stroke.as_ref().map(|side| {
+                Some(side.as_ref().map(|cell_stroke| {
+                    Arc::new((**cell_stroke).clone().map(Length::from))
+                }))
+            }),
+        );
+        cell.push_breakable(Smart::Custom(breakable));
+        Cell {
+            body: self.pack(),
+            locator,
+            fill,
+            colspan,
+            rowspan,
+            stroke,
+            stroke_overridden,
+            breakable,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn x(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
+        (**self).x(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn y(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Smart<usize> {
+        (**self).y(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn colspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
+        (**self).colspan(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn rowspan(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> NonZeroUsize {
+        (**self).rowspan(styles)
+    }
+
+    fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Packed::span(self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents an explicit grid line (horizontal or vertical) specified by the
+/// user.
+pub struct Line {
+    /// The index of the track after this line. This will be the index of the
+    /// row a horizontal line is above of, or of the column right after a
+    /// vertical line.
+    ///
+    /// Must be within `0..=tracks.len()` (where `tracks` is either `grid.cols`
+    /// or `grid.rows`, ignoring gutter tracks, as appropriate).
+    pub index: usize,
+    /// The index of the track at which this line starts being drawn.
+    /// This is the first column a horizontal line appears in, or the first row
+    /// a vertical line appears in.
+    ///
+    /// Must be within `0..tracks.len()` minus gutter tracks.
+    pub start: usize,
+    /// The index after the last track through which the line is drawn.
+    /// Thus, the line is drawn through tracks `start..end` (note that `end` is
+    /// exclusive).
+    ///
+    /// Must be within `1..=tracks.len()` minus gutter tracks.
+    /// `None` indicates the line should go all the way to the end.
+    pub end: Option<NonZeroUsize>,
+    /// The line's stroke. This is `None` when the line is explicitly used to
+    /// override a previously specified line.
+    pub stroke: Option<Arc<Stroke<Abs>>>,
+    /// The line's position in relation to the track with its index.
+    pub position: LinePosition,
+}
+
+/// A repeatable grid header. Starts at the first row.
+pub struct Header {
+    /// The index after the last row included in this header.
+    pub end: usize,
+}
+
+/// A repeatable grid footer. Stops at the last row.
+pub struct Footer {
+    /// The first row included in this footer.
+    pub start: usize,
+}
+
+/// A possibly repeatable grid object.
+/// It still exists even when not repeatable, but must not have additional
+/// considerations by grid layout, other than for consistency (such as making
+/// a certain group of rows unbreakable).
+pub enum Repeatable<T> {
+    Repeated(T),
+    NotRepeated(T),
+}
+
+impl<T> Repeatable<T> {
+    /// Gets the value inside this repeatable, regardless of whether
+    /// it repeats.
+    pub fn unwrap(&self) -> &T {
+        match self {
+            Self::Repeated(repeated) => repeated,
+            Self::NotRepeated(not_repeated) => not_repeated,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `Some` if the value is repeated, `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn as_repeated(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Repeated(repeated) => Some(repeated),
+            Self::NotRepeated(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Used for cell-like elements which are aware of their final properties in
 /// the table, and may have property overrides.
@@ -131,26 +575,6 @@ impl<'a> Cell<'a> {
             breakable: true,
         }
     }
-
-    /// Layout the cell into the given regions.
-    ///
-    /// The `disambiguator` indicates which instance of this cell this should be
-    /// layouted as. For normal cells, it is always `0`, but for headers and
-    /// footers, it indicates the index of the header/footer among all. See the
-    /// [`Locator`] docs for more details on the concepts behind this.
-    pub fn layout(
-        &self,
-        engine: &mut Engine,
-        disambiguator: usize,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-        regions: Regions,
-    ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-        let mut locator = self.locator.relayout();
-        if disambiguator > 0 {
-            locator = locator.split().next_inner(disambiguator as u128);
-        }
-        crate::layout_fragment(engine, &self.body, locator, styles, regions)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Indicates whether the line should be drawn before or after the track with
@@ -178,7 +602,7 @@ pub enum Entry<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> Entry<'a> {
     /// Obtains the cell inside this entry, if this is not a merged cell.
-    fn as_cell(&self) -> Option<&Cell<'a>> {
+    pub fn as_cell(&self) -> Option<&Cell<'a>> {
         match self {
             Self::Cell(cell) => Some(cell),
             Self::Merged { .. } => None,

crates/typst-library/src/layout/hide.rs

@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ pub struct HideElem {
 impl Show for Packed<HideElem> {
     #[typst_macros::time(name = "hide", span = self.span())]
     fn show(&self, _: &mut Engine, _: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-        Ok(self.body().clone().styled(HideElem::set_hidden(true)))
+        Ok(self.body.clone().styled(HideElem::set_hidden(true)))
     }
 }

crates/typst-library/src/layout/layout.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ use crate::layout::{BlockElem, Size};
 /// corresponding page dimension is set to `{auto}`.
 #[func]
 pub fn layout(
-    /// The call span of this function.
     span: Span,
     /// A function to call with the outer container's size. Its return value is
     /// displayed in the document.
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<LayoutElem> {
                 let loc = elem.location().unwrap();
                 let context = Context::new(Some(loc), Some(styles));
                 let result = elem
-                    .func()
+                    .func
                     .call(
                         engine,
                         context.track(),

crates/typst-library/src/layout/measure.rs

@@ -43,11 +43,8 @@ use crate::layout::{Abs, Axes, Length, Region, Size};
 /// `height`, both of type [`length`].
 #[func(contextual)]
 pub fn measure(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// The callsite context.
     context: Tracked<Context>,
-    /// The callsite span.
     span: Span,
     /// The width available to layout the content.
     ///

crates/typst-library/src/layout/mod.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ mod em;
 mod fr;
 mod fragment;
 mod frame;
-mod grid;
+pub mod grid;
 mod hide;
 #[path = "layout.rs"]
 mod layout_;

crates/typst-library/src/layout/repeat.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::layout::{BlockElem, Length};
 /// Space may be inserted between the instances of the body parameter, so be
 /// sure to adjust the [`justify`]($repeat.justify) parameter accordingly.
 ///
-/// Errors if there no bounds on the available space, as it would create
+/// Errors if there are no bounds on the available space, as it would create
 /// infinite content.
 ///
 /// # Example

crates/typst-library/src/lib.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub mod layout;
 pub mod loading;
 pub mod math;
 pub mod model;
+pub mod pdf;
 pub mod routines;
 pub mod symbols;
 pub mod text;
@@ -249,6 +250,7 @@ fn global(math: Module, inputs: Dict, features: &Features) -> Module {
     self::introspection::define(&mut global);
     self::loading::define(&mut global);
     self::symbols::define(&mut global);
+    self::pdf::define(&mut global);
     global.reset_category();
     if features.is_enabled(Feature::Html) {
         global.define_module(self::html::module());

crates/typst-library/src/loading/cbor.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use ecow::eco_format;
 use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 
 use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, scope, Bytes, Value};
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load};
 
 /// Reads structured data from a CBOR file.
 ///
@@ -19,31 +19,31 @@ use crate::World;
 /// floating point numbers, which may result in an approximative value.
 #[func(scope, title = "CBOR")]
 pub fn cbor(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to a CBOR file.
+    /// A path to a CBOR file or raw CBOR bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    cbor::decode(Spanned::new(data, span))
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+    ciborium::from_reader(data.as_slice())
+        .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse CBOR ({err})"))
+        .at(source.span)
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl cbor {
     /// Reads structured data from CBOR bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`cbor`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode CBOR")]
     pub fn decode(
-        /// cbor data.
+        engine: &mut Engine,
+        /// CBOR data.
         data: Spanned<Bytes>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        ciborium::from_reader(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse CBOR ({err})"))
-            .at(span)
+        cbor(engine, data.map(DataSource::Bytes))
     }
 
     /// Encode structured data into CBOR bytes.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl cbor {
         let Spanned { v: value, span } = value;
         let mut res = Vec::new();
         ciborium::into_writer(&value, &mut res)
-            .map(|_| res.into())
+            .map(|_| Bytes::new(res))
             .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to encode value as CBOR ({err})"))
             .at(span)
     }

crates/typst-library/src/loading/csv.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{cast, func, scope, Array, Dict, IntoValue, Type, Value};
-use crate::loading::Readable;
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 
 /// Reads structured data from a CSV file.
 ///
@@ -26,12 +25,11 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func(scope, title = "CSV")]
 pub fn csv(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to a CSV file.
+    /// Path to a CSV file or raw CSV bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
     /// The delimiter that separates columns in the CSV file.
     /// Must be a single ASCII character.
     #[named]
@@ -48,17 +46,62 @@ pub fn csv(
     #[default(RowType::Array)]
     row_type: RowType,
 ) -> SourceResult<Array> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    self::csv::decode(Spanned::new(Readable::Bytes(data), span), delimiter, row_type)
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+
+    let mut builder = ::csv::ReaderBuilder::new();
+    let has_headers = row_type == RowType::Dict;
+    builder.has_headers(has_headers);
+    builder.delimiter(delimiter.0 as u8);
+
+    // Counting lines from 1 by default.
+    let mut line_offset: usize = 1;
+    let mut reader = builder.from_reader(data.as_slice());
+    let mut headers: Option<::csv::StringRecord> = None;
+
+    if has_headers {
+        // Counting lines from 2 because we have a header.
+        line_offset += 1;
+        headers = Some(
+            reader
+                .headers()
+                .map_err(|err| format_csv_error(err, 1))
+                .at(source.span)?
+                .clone(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut array = Array::new();
+    for (line, result) in reader.records().enumerate() {
+        // Original solution was to use line from error, but that is
+        // incorrect with `has_headers` set to `false`. See issue:
+        // https://github.com/BurntSushi/rust-csv/issues/184
+        let line = line + line_offset;
+        let row = result.map_err(|err| format_csv_error(err, line)).at(source.span)?;
+        let item = if let Some(headers) = &headers {
+            let mut dict = Dict::new();
+            for (field, value) in headers.iter().zip(&row) {
+                dict.insert(field.into(), value.into_value());
+            }
+            dict.into_value()
+        } else {
+            let sub = row.into_iter().map(|field| field.into_value()).collect();
+            Value::Array(sub)
+        };
+        array.push(item);
+    }
+
+    Ok(array)
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl csv {
     /// Reads structured data from a CSV string/bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`csv`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode CSV")]
     pub fn decode(
+        engine: &mut Engine,
         /// CSV data.
         data: Spanned<Readable>,
         /// The delimiter that separates columns in the CSV file.
@@ -77,51 +120,7 @@ impl csv {
         #[default(RowType::Array)]
         row_type: RowType,
     ) -> SourceResult<Array> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        let has_headers = row_type == RowType::Dict;
-
-        let mut builder = ::csv::ReaderBuilder::new();
-        builder.has_headers(has_headers);
-        builder.delimiter(delimiter.0 as u8);
-
-        // Counting lines from 1 by default.
-        let mut line_offset: usize = 1;
-        let mut reader = builder.from_reader(data.as_slice());
-        let mut headers: Option<::csv::StringRecord> = None;
-
-        if has_headers {
-            // Counting lines from 2 because we have a header.
-            line_offset += 1;
-            headers = Some(
-                reader
-                    .headers()
-                    .map_err(|err| format_csv_error(err, 1))
-                    .at(span)?
-                    .clone(),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let mut array = Array::new();
-        for (line, result) in reader.records().enumerate() {
-            // Original solution was to use line from error, but that is
-            // incorrect with `has_headers` set to `false`. See issue:
-            // https://github.com/BurntSushi/rust-csv/issues/184
-            let line = line + line_offset;
-            let row = result.map_err(|err| format_csv_error(err, line)).at(span)?;
-            let item = if let Some(headers) = &headers {
-                let mut dict = Dict::new();
-                for (field, value) in headers.iter().zip(&row) {
-                    dict.insert(field.into(), value.into_value());
-                }
-                dict.into_value()
-            } else {
-                let sub = row.into_iter().map(|field| field.into_value()).collect();
-                Value::Array(sub)
-            };
-            array.push(item);
-        }
-
-        Ok(array)
+        csv(engine, data.map(Readable::into_source), delimiter, row_type)
     }
 }
 
@@ -137,18 +136,10 @@ impl Default for Delimiter {
 cast! {
     Delimiter,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
-    v: EcoString => {
-        let mut chars = v.chars();
-        let first = chars.next().ok_or("delimiter must not be empty")?;
-        if chars.next().is_some() {
-            bail!("delimiter must be a single character");
-        }
-
-        if !first.is_ascii() {
-            bail!("delimiter must be an ASCII character");
-        }
-
-        Self(first)
+    c: char => if c.is_ascii() {
+        Self(c)
+    } else {
+        bail!("delimiter must be an ASCII character")
     },
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/loading/json.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use ecow::eco_format;
 use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 
 use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, scope, Str, Value};
-use crate::loading::Readable;
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 
 /// Reads structured data from a JSON file.
 ///
@@ -51,31 +50,31 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func(scope, title = "JSON")]
 pub fn json(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to a JSON file.
+    /// Path to a JSON file or raw JSON bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    json::decode(Spanned::new(Readable::Bytes(data), span))
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+    serde_json::from_slice(data.as_slice())
+        .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse JSON ({err})"))
+        .at(source.span)
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl json {
     /// Reads structured data from a JSON string/bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`json`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode JSON")]
     pub fn decode(
+        engine: &mut Engine,
         /// JSON data.
         data: Spanned<Readable>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        serde_json::from_slice(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse JSON ({err})"))
-            .at(span)
+        json(engine, data.map(Readable::into_source))
     }
 
     /// Encodes structured data into a JSON string.

crates/typst-library/src/loading/mod.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ mod xml_;
 #[path = "yaml.rs"]
 mod yaml_;
 
+use comemo::Tracked;
+use ecow::EcoString;
+use typst_syntax::Spanned;
+
 pub use self::cbor_::*;
 pub use self::csv_::*;
 pub use self::json_::*;
@@ -23,7 +27,10 @@ pub use self::toml_::*;
 pub use self::xml_::*;
 pub use self::yaml_::*;
 
+use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
+use crate::foundations::OneOrMultiple;
 use crate::foundations::{cast, category, Bytes, Category, Scope, Str};
+use crate::World;
 
 /// Data loading from external files.
 ///
@@ -44,6 +51,76 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
     global.define_func::<xml>();
 }
 
+/// Something we can retrieve byte data from.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum DataSource {
+    /// A path to a file.
+    Path(EcoString),
+    /// Raw bytes.
+    Bytes(Bytes),
+}
+
+cast! {
+    DataSource,
+    self => match self {
+        Self::Path(v) => v.into_value(),
+        Self::Bytes(v) => v.into_value(),
+    },
+    v: EcoString => Self::Path(v),
+    v: Bytes => Self::Bytes(v),
+}
+
+/// Loads data from a path or provided bytes.
+pub trait Load {
+    /// Bytes or a list of bytes (if there are multiple sources).
+    type Output;
+
+    /// Load the bytes.
+    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Self::Output>;
+}
+
+impl Load for Spanned<DataSource> {
+    type Output = Bytes;
+
+    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Bytes> {
+        self.as_ref().load(world)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Load for Spanned<&DataSource> {
+    type Output = Bytes;
+
+    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Bytes> {
+        match &self.v {
+            DataSource::Path(path) => {
+                let file_id = self.span.resolve_path(path).at(self.span)?;
+                world.file(file_id).at(self.span)
+            }
+            DataSource::Bytes(bytes) => Ok(bytes.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Load for Spanned<OneOrMultiple<DataSource>> {
+    type Output = Vec<Bytes>;
+
+    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        self.as_ref().load(world)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Load for Spanned<&OneOrMultiple<DataSource>> {
+    type Output = Vec<Bytes>;
+
+    fn load(&self, world: Tracked<dyn World + '_>) -> SourceResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        self.v
+            .0
+            .iter()
+            .map(|source| Spanned::new(source, self.span).load(world))
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
 /// A value that can be read from a file.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Readable {
@@ -54,18 +131,15 @@ pub enum Readable {
 }
 
 impl Readable {
-    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
+    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Bytes {
         match self {
-            Readable::Bytes(v) => v,
-            Readable::Str(v) => v.as_bytes(),
+            Self::Bytes(v) => v,
+            Self::Str(v) => Bytes::from_string(v),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
-        match self {
-            Readable::Str(v) => Some(v.as_str()),
-            Readable::Bytes(v) => std::str::from_utf8(v).ok(),
-        }
+    pub fn into_source(self) -> DataSource {
+        DataSource::Bytes(self.into_bytes())
     }
 }
 
@@ -78,12 +152,3 @@ cast! {
     v: Str => Self::Str(v),
     v: Bytes => Self::Bytes(v),
 }
-
-impl From<Readable> for Bytes {
-    fn from(value: Readable) -> Self {
-        match value {
-            Readable::Bytes(v) => v,
-            Readable::Str(v) => v.as_bytes().into(),
-        }
-    }
-}

crates/typst-library/src/loading/read.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use ecow::EcoString;
 use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 
-use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
+use crate::diag::{At, FileError, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, Cast};
 use crate::loading::Readable;
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func]
 pub fn read(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
     /// Path to a file.
     ///
@@ -42,12 +41,9 @@ pub fn read(
     let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
     Ok(match encoding {
         None => Readable::Bytes(data),
-        Some(Encoding::Utf8) => Readable::Str(
-            std::str::from_utf8(&data)
-                .map_err(|_| "file is not valid utf-8")
-                .at(span)?
-                .into(),
-        ),
+        Some(Encoding::Utf8) => {
+            Readable::Str(data.to_str().map_err(FileError::from).at(span)?)
+        }
     })
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/loading/toml.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
 use typst_syntax::{is_newline, Spanned};
 
-use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
+use crate::diag::{At, FileError, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, scope, Str, Value};
-use crate::loading::Readable;
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 
 /// Reads structured data from a TOML file.
 ///
@@ -29,34 +28,32 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func(scope, title = "TOML")]
 pub fn toml(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to a TOML file.
+    /// A path to a TOML file or raw TOML bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    toml::decode(Spanned::new(Readable::Bytes(data), span))
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+    let raw = data.as_str().map_err(FileError::from).at(source.span)?;
+    ::toml::from_str(raw)
+        .map_err(|err| format_toml_error(err, raw))
+        .at(source.span)
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl toml {
     /// Reads structured data from a TOML string/bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`toml`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode TOML")]
     pub fn decode(
+        engine: &mut Engine,
         /// TOML data.
         data: Spanned<Readable>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        let raw = std::str::from_utf8(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|_| "file is not valid utf-8")
-            .at(span)?;
-        ::toml::from_str(raw)
-            .map_err(|err| format_toml_error(err, raw))
-            .at(span)
+        toml(engine, data.map(Readable::into_source))
     }
 
     /// Encodes structured data into a TOML string.

crates/typst-library/src/loading/xml.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 use crate::diag::{format_xml_like_error, At, FileError, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{dict, func, scope, Array, Dict, IntoValue, Str, Value};
-use crate::loading::Readable;
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 
 /// Reads structured data from an XML file.
 ///
@@ -58,38 +57,36 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func(scope, title = "XML")]
 pub fn xml(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to an XML file.
+    /// A path to an XML file or raw XML bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    xml::decode(Spanned::new(Readable::Bytes(data), span))
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+    let text = data.as_str().map_err(FileError::from).at(source.span)?;
+    let document = roxmltree::Document::parse_with_options(
+        text,
+        ParsingOptions { allow_dtd: true, ..Default::default() },
+    )
+    .map_err(format_xml_error)
+    .at(source.span)?;
+    Ok(convert_xml(document.root()))
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl xml {
     /// Reads structured data from an XML string/bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`xml`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode XML")]
     pub fn decode(
+        engine: &mut Engine,
         /// XML data.
         data: Spanned<Readable>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        let text = std::str::from_utf8(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(FileError::from)
-            .at(span)?;
-        let document = roxmltree::Document::parse_with_options(
-            text,
-            ParsingOptions { allow_dtd: true, ..Default::default() },
-        )
-        .map_err(format_xml_error)
-        .at(span)?;
-        Ok(convert_xml(document.root()))
+        xml(engine, data.map(Readable::into_source))
     }
 }
 

crates/typst-library/src/loading/yaml.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-use ecow::{eco_format, EcoString};
+use ecow::eco_format;
 use typst_syntax::Spanned;
 
 use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{func, scope, Str, Value};
-use crate::loading::Readable;
-use crate::World;
+use crate::loading::{DataSource, Load, Readable};
 
 /// Reads structured data from a YAML file.
 ///
@@ -41,31 +40,31 @@ use crate::World;
 /// ```
 #[func(scope, title = "YAML")]
 pub fn yaml(
-    /// The engine.
     engine: &mut Engine,
-    /// Path to a YAML file.
+    /// A path to a YAML file or raw YAML bytes.
     ///
-    /// For more details, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
-    path: Spanned<EcoString>,
+    /// For more details about paths, see the [Paths section]($syntax/#paths).
+    source: Spanned<DataSource>,
 ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-    let Spanned { v: path, span } = path;
-    let id = span.resolve_path(&path).at(span)?;
-    let data = engine.world.file(id).at(span)?;
-    yaml::decode(Spanned::new(Readable::Bytes(data), span))
+    let data = source.load(engine.world)?;
+    serde_yaml::from_slice(data.as_slice())
+        .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse YAML ({err})"))
+        .at(source.span)
 }
 
 #[scope]
 impl yaml {
     /// Reads structured data from a YAML string/bytes.
+    ///
+    /// This function is deprecated. The [`yaml`] function now accepts bytes
+    /// directly.
     #[func(title = "Decode YAML")]
     pub fn decode(
+        engine: &mut Engine,
         /// YAML data.
         data: Spanned<Readable>,
     ) -> SourceResult<Value> {
-        let Spanned { v: data, span } = data;
-        serde_yaml::from_slice(data.as_slice())
-            .map_err(|err| eco_format!("failed to parse YAML ({err})"))
-            .at(span)
+        yaml(engine, data.map(Readable::into_source))
     }
 
     /// Encode structured data into a YAML string.

crates/typst-library/src/math/accent.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use crate::diag::bail;
-use crate::foundations::{cast, elem, func, Content, NativeElement, Value};
+use crate::foundations::{cast, elem, func, Content, NativeElement, SymbolElem};
 use crate::layout::{Length, Rel};
 use crate::math::Mathy;
-use crate::text::TextElem;
 
 /// Attaches an accent to a base.
 ///
@@ -142,8 +141,8 @@ cast! {
     Accent,
     self => self.0.into_value(),
     v: char => Self::new(v),
-    v: Content => match v.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
-        Some(elem) => Value::Str(elem.text().clone().into()).cast()?,
-        None => bail!("expected text"),
+    v: Content => match v.to_packed::<SymbolElem>() {
+        Some(elem) => Self::new(elem.text),
+        None => bail!("expected a symbol"),
     },
 }

crates/typst-library/src/math/attach.rs

@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ impl Packed<AttachElem> {
     /// base AttachElem where possible.
     pub fn merge_base(&self) -> Option<Self> {
         // Extract from an EquationElem.
-        let mut base = self.base();
+        let mut base = &self.base;
         while let Some(equation) = base.to_packed::<EquationElem>() {
-            base = equation.body();
+            base = &equation.body;
         }
 
         // Move attachments from elem into base where possible.

crates/typst-library/src/math/equation.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ use crate::text::{FontFamily, FontList, FontWeight, LocalName, TextElem};
 
 /// A mathematical equation.
 ///
-/// Can be displayed inline with text or as a separate block.
+/// Can be displayed inline with text or as a separate block. An equation
+/// becomes block-level through the presence of at least one space after the
+/// opening dollar sign and one space before the closing dollar sign.
 ///
 /// # Example
 /// ```example
@@ -229,35 +231,20 @@ impl Refable for Packed<EquationElem> {
 }
 
 impl Outlinable for Packed<EquationElem> {
-    fn outline(
-        &self,
-        engine: &mut Engine,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> SourceResult<Option<Content>> {
-        if !self.block(StyleChain::default()) {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-        let Some(numbering) = self.numbering() else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-
-        // After synthesis, this should always be custom content.
-        let mut supplement = match (**self).supplement(StyleChain::default()) {
-            Smart::Custom(Some(Supplement::Content(content))) => content,
-            _ => Content::empty(),
-        };
+    fn outlined(&self) -> bool {
+        self.block(StyleChain::default()) && self.numbering().is_some()
+    }
 
+    fn prefix(&self, numbers: Content) -> Content {
+        let supplement = self.supplement();
         if !supplement.is_empty() {
-            supplement += TextElem::packed("\u{a0}");
+            supplement + TextElem::packed('\u{a0}') + numbers
+        } else {
+            numbers
         }
+    }
 
-        let numbers = self.counter().display_at_loc(
-            engine,
-            self.location().unwrap(),
-            styles,
-            numbering,
-        )?;
-
-        Ok(Some(supplement + numbers))
+    fn body(&self) -> Content {
+        Content::empty()
     }
 }