diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/color.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/color.rs
index 80d277edc..999f604e2 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/color.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/color.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ pub(super) trait PaintEncode {
     fn set_as_fill(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, on_text: bool, transforms: Transforms);
 
     /// Set the paint as the stroke color.
-    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, on_text: bool, transforms: Transforms);
+    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, transforms: Transforms);
 }
 
 impl PaintEncode for Paint {
@@ -288,15 +288,10 @@ impl PaintEncode for Paint {
         }
     }
 
-    fn set_as_stroke(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut PageContext,
-        on_text: bool,
-        transforms: Transforms,
-    ) {
+    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, transforms: Transforms) {
         match self {
-            Self::Solid(c) => c.set_as_stroke(ctx, on_text, transforms),
-            Self::Gradient(gradient) => gradient.set_as_stroke(ctx, on_text, transforms),
+            Self::Solid(c) => c.set_as_stroke(ctx, transforms),
+            Self::Gradient(gradient) => gradient.set_as_stroke(ctx, transforms),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -355,7 +350,7 @@ impl PaintEncode for Color {
         }
     }
 
-    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, _: bool, _: Transforms) {
+    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, _: Transforms) {
         match self {
             Color::Luma(_) => {
                 ctx.parent.colors.d65_gray(&mut ctx.parent.alloc);
diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/gradient.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/gradient.rs
index 37702cea8..3d5084155 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/gradient.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/gradient.rs
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ pub struct PdfGradient {
     pub aspect_ratio: Ratio,
     /// The gradient.
     pub gradient: Gradient,
-    /// Whether the gradient is applied to text.
-    pub on_text: bool,
+    /// The corrected angle of the gradient.
+    pub angle: Angle,
 }
 
 /// Writes the actual gradients (shading patterns) to the PDF.
 /// This is performed once after writing all pages.
 pub(crate) fn write_gradients(ctx: &mut PdfContext) {
-    for PdfGradient { transform, aspect_ratio, gradient, on_text } in
+    for PdfGradient { transform, aspect_ratio, gradient, angle } in
         ctx.gradient_map.items().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()
     {
         let shading = ctx.alloc.bump();
         ctx.gradient_refs.push(shading);
 
         let mut shading_pattern = match &gradient {
-            Gradient::Linear(linear) => {
+            Gradient::Linear(_) => {
                 let shading_function = shading_function(ctx, &gradient);
                 let mut shading_pattern = ctx.pdf.shading_pattern(shading);
                 let mut shading = shading_pattern.function_shading();
@@ -49,14 +49,24 @@ pub(crate) fn write_gradients(ctx: &mut PdfContext) {
                 ctx.colors
                     .write(gradient.space(), shading.color_space(), &mut ctx.alloc);
 
-                let angle = Gradient::correct_aspect_ratio(linear.angle, aspect_ratio);
                 let (sin, cos) = (angle.sin(), angle.cos());
-                let length = sin.abs() + cos.abs();
+                let (x1, y1, x2, y2): (f64, f64, f64, f64) = match angle.quadrant() {
+                    Quadrant::First => (0.0, 0.0, cos, sin),
+                    Quadrant::Second => (1.0, 0.0, cos + 1.0, sin),
+                    Quadrant::Third => (1.0, 1.0, cos + 1.0, sin + 1.0),
+                    Quadrant::Fourth => (0.0, 1.0, cos, sin + 1.0),
+                };
+
+                let clamp = |i: f64| if i < 1e-4 { 0.0 } else { i.clamp(0.0, 1.0) };
+                let x1 = clamp(x1);
+                let y1 = clamp(y1);
+                let x2 = clamp(x2);
+                let y2 = clamp(y2);
 
                 shading
                     .anti_alias(gradient.anti_alias())
                     .function(shading_function)
-                    .coords([0.0, 0.0, length as f32, 0.0])
+                    .coords([x1 as f32, y1 as f32, x2 as f32, y2 as f32])
                     .extend([true; 2]);
 
                 shading.finish();
@@ -90,7 +100,7 @@ pub(crate) fn write_gradients(ctx: &mut PdfContext) {
                 shading_pattern
             }
             Gradient::Conic(conic) => {
-                let vertices = compute_vertex_stream(conic, aspect_ratio, on_text);
+                let vertices = compute_vertex_stream(conic, aspect_ratio);
 
                 let stream_shading_id = ctx.alloc.bump();
                 let mut stream_shading =
@@ -265,15 +275,10 @@ impl PaintEncode for Gradient {
         ctx.content.set_fill_pattern(None, name);
     }
 
-    fn set_as_stroke(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut PageContext,
-        on_text: bool,
-        transforms: Transforms,
-    ) {
+    fn set_as_stroke(&self, ctx: &mut PageContext, transforms: Transforms) {
         ctx.reset_stroke_color_space();
 
-        let id = register_gradient(ctx, self, on_text, transforms);
+        let id = register_gradient(ctx, self, false, transforms);
         let name = Name(id.as_bytes());
 
         ctx.content.set_stroke_color_space(ColorSpaceOperand::Pattern);
@@ -296,33 +301,20 @@ fn register_gradient(
     if transforms.size.y.is_zero() {
         transforms.size.y = Abs::pt(1.0);
     }
-
     let size = match gradient.unwrap_relative(on_text) {
         Relative::Self_ => transforms.size,
         Relative::Parent => transforms.container_size,
     };
 
-    // Correction for y-axis flipping on text.
-    let angle = gradient.angle().unwrap_or_else(Angle::zero);
-    let angle = if on_text { Angle::rad(TAU as f64) - angle } else { angle };
-
     let (offset_x, offset_y) = match gradient {
         Gradient::Conic(conic) => (
             -size.x * (1.0 - conic.center.x.get() / 2.0) / 2.0,
             -size.y * (1.0 - conic.center.y.get() / 2.0) / 2.0,
         ),
-        _ => match angle.quadrant() {
-            Quadrant::First => (Abs::zero(), Abs::zero()),
-            Quadrant::Second => (size.x, Abs::zero()),
-            Quadrant::Third => (size.x, size.y),
-            Quadrant::Fourth => (Abs::zero(), size.y),
-        },
+        _ => (Abs::zero(), Abs::zero()),
     };
 
-    let rotation = match gradient {
-        Gradient::Conic(_) => Angle::zero(),
-        _ => angle,
-    };
+    let rotation = gradient.angle().unwrap_or_else(Angle::zero);
 
     let transform = match gradient.unwrap_relative(on_text) {
         Relative::Self_ => transforms.transform,
@@ -344,13 +336,9 @@ fn register_gradient(
             .pre_concat(Transform::scale(
                 Ratio::new(size.x.to_pt() * scale_offset),
                 Ratio::new(size.y.to_pt() * scale_offset),
-            ))
-            .pre_concat(Transform::rotate(Gradient::correct_aspect_ratio(
-                rotation,
-                size.aspect_ratio(),
-            ))),
+            )),
         gradient: gradient.clone(),
-        on_text,
+        angle: Gradient::correct_aspect_ratio(rotation, size.aspect_ratio()),
     };
 
     let index = ctx.parent.gradient_map.insert(pdf_gradient);
@@ -383,16 +371,9 @@ fn write_patch(
     c0: [u16; 3],
     c1: [u16; 3],
     angle: Angle,
-    on_text: bool,
 ) {
-    let mut theta = -TAU * t + angle.to_rad() as f32 + PI;
-    let mut theta1 = -TAU * t1 + angle.to_rad() as f32 + PI;
-
-    // Correction for y-axis flipping on text.
-    if on_text {
-        theta = (TAU - theta).rem_euclid(TAU);
-        theta1 = (TAU - theta1).rem_euclid(TAU);
-    }
+    let theta = -TAU * t + angle.to_rad() as f32 + PI;
+    let theta1 = -TAU * t1 + angle.to_rad() as f32 + PI;
 
     let (cp1, cp2) =
         control_point(Point::new(Abs::pt(0.5), Abs::pt(0.5)), 0.5, theta, theta1);
@@ -453,11 +434,7 @@ fn control_point(c: Point, r: f32, angle_start: f32, angle_end: f32) -> (Point,
 }
 
 #[comemo::memoize]
-fn compute_vertex_stream(
-    conic: &ConicGradient,
-    aspect_ratio: Ratio,
-    on_text: bool,
-) -> Arc<Vec<u8>> {
+fn compute_vertex_stream(conic: &ConicGradient, aspect_ratio: Ratio) -> Arc<Vec<u8>> {
     // Generated vertices for the Coons patches
     let mut vertices = Vec::new();
 
@@ -534,18 +511,9 @@ fn compute_vertex_stream(
                             conic.space.convert(c),
                             c0,
                             angle,
-                            on_text,
                         );
 
-                        write_patch(
-                            &mut vertices,
-                            t_prime,
-                            t_prime,
-                            c0,
-                            c1,
-                            angle,
-                            on_text,
-                        );
+                        write_patch(&mut vertices, t_prime, t_prime, c0, c1, angle);
 
                         write_patch(
                             &mut vertices,
@@ -554,7 +522,6 @@ fn compute_vertex_stream(
                             c1,
                             conic.space.convert(c_next),
                             angle,
-                            on_text,
                         );
 
                         t_x = t_next;
@@ -570,7 +537,6 @@ fn compute_vertex_stream(
                 conic.space.convert(c),
                 conic.space.convert(c_next),
                 angle,
-                on_text,
             );
 
             t_x = t_next;
diff --git a/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs b/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
index c842a01f1..04640945a 100644
--- a/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-pdf/src/page.rs
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ impl State {
 }
 
 /// Subset of the state used to calculate the transform of gradients and patterns.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(super) struct Transforms {
     /// The transform of the current item.
     pub transform: Transform,
@@ -385,6 +385,9 @@ impl PageContext<'_, '_> {
     fn transform(&mut self, transform: Transform) {
         let Transform { sx, ky, kx, sy, tx, ty } = transform;
         self.state.transform = self.state.transform.pre_concat(transform);
+        if self.state.container_transform.is_identity() {
+            self.state.container_transform = self.state.transform;
+        }
         self.content.transform([
             sx.get() as _,
             ky.get() as _,
@@ -449,7 +452,7 @@ impl PageContext<'_, '_> {
                 miter_limit,
             } = stroke;
 
-            paint.set_as_stroke(self, false, transforms);
+            paint.set_as_stroke(self, transforms);
 
             self.content.set_line_width(thickness.to_f32());
             if self.state.stroke.as_ref().map(|s| &s.line_cap) != Some(line_cap) {
@@ -517,12 +520,10 @@ fn write_group(ctx: &mut PageContext, pos: Point, group: &GroupItem) {
 
     if group.frame.kind().is_hard() {
         ctx.group_transform(
-            translation
-                .pre_concat(
-                    ctx.state
-                        .transform
-                        .post_concat(ctx.state.container_transform.invert().unwrap()),
-                )
+            ctx.state
+                .transform
+                .post_concat(ctx.state.container_transform.invert().unwrap())
+                .pre_concat(translation)
                 .pre_concat(group.transform),
         );
         ctx.size(group.frame.size());
diff --git a/tests/ref/visualize/gradient-math.png b/tests/ref/visualize/gradient-math.png
index 13185bec7..fd6bf5c34 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/visualize/gradient-math.png and b/tests/ref/visualize/gradient-math.png differ
diff --git a/tests/typ/visualize/gradient-math.typ b/tests/typ/visualize/gradient-math.typ
index 2030ecbbb..03d7c477f 100644
--- a/tests/typ/visualize/gradient-math.typ
+++ b/tests/typ/visualize/gradient-math.typ
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ $ x_"1,2" = frac(-b +- sqrt(b^2 - 4 a c), 2 a) $
 
 ---
 // Test miscelaneous
-
 #show math.equation: set text(fill: gradient.linear(..color.map.rainbow))
 #show math.equation: box
 
@@ -66,3 +65,25 @@ $ attach(
   Pi, t: alpha, b: beta,
   tl: 1, tr: 2+3, bl: 4+5, br: 6,
 ) $
+
+---
+// Test radial gradient
+#show math.equation: set text(fill: gradient.radial(..color.map.rainbow, center: (30%, 30%)))
+#show math.equation: box
+
+$ A = mat(
+  1, 2, 3;
+  4, 5, 6;
+  7, 8, 9
+) $
+
+---
+// Test conic gradient
+#show math.equation: set text(fill: gradient.conic(red, blue, angle: 45deg))
+#show math.equation: box
+
+$ A = mat(
+  1, 2, 3;
+  4, 5, 6;
+  7, 8, 9
+) $