diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9ba77fa32..b516363ca 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2632,8 +2632,10 @@ checksum = "6af6ae20167a9ece4bcb41af5b80f8a1f1df981f6391189ce00fd257af04126a"
 name = "typst"
 version = "0.11.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
  "az",
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bumpalo",
  "chinese-number",
  "ciborium",
  "comemo",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7289bd7d2..e5882afad 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ arrayvec = "0.7.4"
 az = "1.2"
 base64 = "0.22"
 bitflags = { version = "2", features = ["serde"] }
+bumpalo = { version = "3", features = ["collections"] }
 bytemuck = "1"
 chinese-number = { version = "0.7.2", default-features = false, features = ["number-to-chinese"] }
 chrono = { version = "0.4.24", default-features = false, features = ["clock", "std"] }
diff --git a/crates/typst/Cargo.toml b/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
index b90780377..2b9c5d1a6 100644
--- a/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/typst/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ typst-macros = { workspace = true }
 typst-syntax = { workspace = true }
 typst-timing = { workspace = true }
 typst-utils = { workspace = true }
+arrayvec = { workspace = true }
 az = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
+bumpalo = { workspace = true }
 chinese-number = { workspace = true }
 ciborium = { workspace = true }
 comemo = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/engine.rs b/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
index d0ab7d2c6..9e4d9d709 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/engine.rs
@@ -29,15 +29,11 @@ pub struct Engine<'a> {
 }
 
 impl Engine<'_> {
-    /// Performs a fallible operation that does not immediately terminate further
-    /// execution. Instead it produces a delayed error that is only promoted to
-    /// a fatal one if it remains at the end of the introspection loop.
-    pub fn delay<F, T>(&mut self, f: F) -> T
-    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> SourceResult<T>,
-        T: Default,
-    {
-        match f(self) {
+    /// Handles a result without immediately terminating execution. Instead, it
+    /// produces a delayed error that is only promoted to a fatal one if it
+    /// remains by the end of the introspection loop.
+    pub fn delay<T: Default>(&mut self, result: SourceResult<T>) -> T {
+        match result {
             Ok(value) => value,
             Err(errors) => {
                 self.sink.delay(errors);
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs b/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
index b9d1b1897..91c911ed9 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/foundations/content.rs
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@ use crate::foundations::{
 use crate::introspection::Location;
 use crate::layout::{AlignElem, Alignment, Axes, Length, MoveElem, PadElem, Rel, Sides};
 use crate::model::{Destination, EmphElem, LinkElem, StrongElem};
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::text::UnderlineElem;
-use crate::utils::{fat, LazyHash, SmallBitSet};
+use crate::utils::{fat, singleton, LazyHash, SmallBitSet};
 
 /// A piece of document content.
 ///
@@ -109,9 +108,9 @@ impl Content {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Creates a new empty sequence content.
+    /// Creates a empty sequence content.
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new(SequenceElem::default())
+        singleton!(Content, SequenceElem::default().pack()).clone()
     }
 
     /// Get the element of this content.
@@ -185,12 +184,6 @@ impl Content {
         self.make_mut().lifecycle.insert(0);
     }
 
-    /// How this element interacts with other elements in a stream.
-    pub fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        self.with::<dyn Behave>()
-            .map_or(Behaviour::Supportive, Behave::behaviour)
-    }
-
     /// Get a field by ID.
     ///
     /// This is the preferred way to access fields. However, you can only use it
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/foundations/selector.rs b/crates/typst/src/foundations/selector.rs
index 55fd95559..3a9ab3082 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/foundations/selector.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/foundations/selector.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::foundations::{
 };
 use crate::introspection::{Introspector, Locatable, Location};
 use crate::symbols::Symbol;
-use crate::text::TextElem;
 
 /// A helper macro to create a field selector used in [`Selector::Elem`]
 #[macro_export]
@@ -126,15 +125,12 @@ impl Selector {
     pub fn matches(&self, target: &Content, styles: Option<StyleChain>) -> bool {
         match self {
             Self::Elem(element, dict) => {
-                target.func() == *element
+                target.elem() == *element
                     && dict.iter().flat_map(|dict| dict.iter()).all(|(id, value)| {
                         target.get(*id, styles).as_ref().ok() == Some(value)
                     })
             }
             Self::Label(label) => target.label() == Some(*label),
-            Self::Regex(regex) => target
-                .to_packed::<TextElem>()
-                .is_some_and(|elem| regex.is_match(elem.text())),
             Self::Can(cap) => target.func().can_type_id(*cap),
             Self::Or(selectors) => {
                 selectors.iter().any(move |sel| sel.matches(target, styles))
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ impl Selector {
             }
             Self::Location(location) => target.location() == Some(*location),
             // Not supported here.
-            Self::Before { .. } | Self::After { .. } => false,
+            Self::Regex(_) | Self::Before { .. } | Self::After { .. } => false,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/foundations/styles.rs b/crates/typst/src/foundations/styles.rs
index e74a16499..e297db7d7 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/foundations/styles.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/foundations/styles.rs
@@ -164,12 +164,6 @@ impl Styles {
             .any(|property| property.is_of(elem) && property.id == field)
     }
 
-    /// Returns `Some(_)` with an optional span if this list contains
-    /// styles for the given element.
-    pub fn interruption<T: NativeElement>(&self) -> Option<Span> {
-        self.0.iter().find_map(|entry| entry.interruption::<T>())
-    }
-
     /// Set a font family composed of a preferred family and existing families
     /// from a style chain.
     pub fn set_family(&mut self, preferred: FontFamily, existing: StyleChain) {
@@ -229,6 +223,10 @@ pub enum Style {
     /// A show rule recipe.
     Recipe(Recipe),
     /// Disables a specific show rule recipe.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This currently only works for regex recipes since it's the only
+    /// place we need it for the moment. Normal show rules use guards directly
+    /// on elements instead.
     Revocation(RecipeIndex),
 }
 
@@ -249,13 +247,24 @@ impl Style {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns `Some(_)` with an optional span if this style is of
-    /// the given element.
-    pub fn interruption<T: NativeElement>(&self) -> Option<Span> {
-        let elem = T::elem();
+    /// The style's span, if any.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
         match self {
-            Style::Property(property) => property.is_of(elem).then_some(property.span),
-            Style::Recipe(recipe) => recipe.is_of(elem).then_some(recipe.span),
+            Self::Property(property) => property.span,
+            Self::Recipe(recipe) => recipe.span,
+            Self::Revocation(_) => Span::detached(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `Some(_)` with an optional span if this style is for
+    /// the given element.
+    pub fn element(&self) -> Option<Element> {
+        match self {
+            Style::Property(property) => Some(property.elem),
+            Style::Recipe(recipe) => match recipe.selector {
+                Some(Selector::Elem(elem, _)) => Some(elem),
+                _ => None,
+            },
             Style::Revocation(_) => None,
         }
     }
@@ -279,6 +288,11 @@ impl Style {
             Self::Revocation(_) => false,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Turn this style into prehashed style.
+    pub fn wrap(self) -> LazyHash<Style> {
+        LazyHash::new(self)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Debug for Style {
@@ -349,7 +363,7 @@ impl Property {
 
     /// Turn this property into prehashed style.
     pub fn wrap(self) -> LazyHash<Style> {
-        LazyHash::new(Style::Property(self))
+        Style::Property(self).wrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -474,21 +488,6 @@ impl Recipe {
         &self.transform
     }
 
-    /// Whether this recipe is for the given type of element.
-    pub fn is_of(&self, element: Element) -> bool {
-        match self.selector {
-            Some(Selector::Elem(own, _)) => own == element,
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the recipe is applicable to the target.
-    pub fn applicable(&self, target: &Content, styles: StyleChain) -> bool {
-        self.selector
-            .as_ref()
-            .is_some_and(|selector| selector.matches(target, Some(styles)))
-    }
-
     /// Apply the recipe to the given content.
     pub fn apply(
         &self,
@@ -669,6 +668,11 @@ impl<'a> StyleChain<'a> {
         Entries { inner: [].as_slice().iter(), links: self.links() }
     }
 
+    /// Iterate over the recipes in the chain.
+    pub fn recipes(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Recipe> {
+        self.entries().filter_map(|style| style.recipe())
+    }
+
     /// Iterate over the links of the chain.
     pub fn links(self) -> Links<'a> {
         Links(Some(self))
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/introspection/tag.rs b/crates/typst/src/introspection/tag.rs
index 51a6454ad..7cdea4032 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/introspection/tag.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/introspection/tag.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Args, Construct, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Unlabellable,
 };
 use crate::introspection::Location;
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 
 /// Holds a locatable element that was realized.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ pub enum TagKind {
 ///
 /// The `TagElem` is handled by all layouters. The held element becomes
 /// available for introspection in the next compiler iteration.
-#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, Construct)]
+#[elem(Construct, Unlabellable)]
 pub struct TagElem {
     /// The introspectible element.
     #[required]
@@ -103,9 +102,3 @@ impl Construct for TagElem {
 }
 
 impl Unlabellable for Packed<TagElem> {}
-
-impl Behave for Packed<TagElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Ignorant
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
index 746212dd3..b46351f8e 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/columns.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     layout_fragment_with_columns, BlockElem, Fragment, Length, Ratio, Regions, Rel,
 };
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 
 /// Separates a region into multiple equally sized columns.
 ///
@@ -109,20 +108,10 @@ fn layout_columns(
 /// understanding of the fundamental
 /// laws of nature.
 /// ```
-#[elem(title = "Column Break", Behave)]
+#[elem(title = "Column Break")]
 pub struct ColbreakElem {
     /// If `{true}`, the column break is skipped if the current column is
     /// already empty.
     #[default(false)]
     pub weak: bool,
 }
-
-impl Behave for Packed<ColbreakElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        if self.weak(StyleChain::default()) {
-            Behaviour::Weak(1)
-        } else {
-            Behaviour::Destructive
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
index fdec898d9..f8034bff3 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/flow.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 use comemo::{Track, Tracked, TrackedMut};
+use once_cell::unsync::Lazy;
 
 use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::{Engine, Route, Sink, Traced};
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::model::{
     Document, DocumentInfo, FootnoteElem, FootnoteEntry, Numbering, ParElem, ParLine,
     ParLineMarker, ParLineNumberingScope,
 };
-use crate::realize::{first_span, realize, Arenas, Pair};
+use crate::realize::{realize, Arenas, Pair, RealizationKind};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 use crate::utils::{NonZeroExt, Numeric};
@@ -116,8 +117,14 @@ fn layout_document_impl(
 
     let arenas = Arenas::default();
     let mut info = DocumentInfo::default();
-    let mut children =
-        realize(&mut engine, &mut locator, &arenas, Some(&mut info), content, styles)?;
+    let mut children = realize(
+        RealizationKind::Root(&mut info),
+        &mut engine,
+        &mut locator,
+        &arenas,
+        content,
+        styles,
+    )?;
 
     let pages = layout_pages(&mut engine, &mut children, locator, styles)?;
 
@@ -393,7 +400,6 @@ fn layout_page_run_impl(
     // Determine the page-wide styles.
     let styles = determine_page_styles(children, initial);
     let styles = StyleChain::new(&styles);
-    let span = first_span(children);
 
     // When one of the lengths is infinite the page fits its content along
     // that axis.
@@ -449,8 +455,7 @@ fn layout_page_run_impl(
             Smart::Custom(numbering.clone()),
             both,
         )
-        .pack()
-        .spanned(span);
+        .pack();
 
         // We interpret the Y alignment as selecting header or footer
         // and then ignore it for aligning the actual number.
@@ -473,12 +478,12 @@ fn layout_page_run_impl(
     let fragment = FlowLayouter::new(
         &mut engine,
         children,
-        locator.next(&span).split(),
+        &mut locator,
         styles,
         regions,
         PageElem::columns_in(styles),
         ColumnsElem::gutter_in(styles),
-        span,
+        Span::detached(),
         &mut vec![],
     )
     .layout(regions)?;
@@ -733,12 +738,19 @@ fn layout_fragment_impl(
     engine.route.check_layout_depth().at(content.span())?;
 
     let arenas = Arenas::default();
-    let children = realize(&mut engine, &mut locator, &arenas, None, content, styles)?;
+    let children = realize(
+        RealizationKind::Container,
+        &mut engine,
+        &mut locator,
+        &arenas,
+        content,
+        styles,
+    )?;
 
     FlowLayouter::new(
         &mut engine,
         &children,
-        locator,
+        &mut locator,
         styles,
         regions,
         columns,
@@ -750,9 +762,9 @@ fn layout_fragment_impl(
 }
 
 /// Layouts a collection of block-level elements.
-struct FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
+struct FlowLayouter<'a, 'b> {
     /// The engine.
-    engine: &'a mut Engine<'e>,
+    engine: &'a mut Engine<'b>,
     /// The children that will be arranged into a flow.
     children: &'a [Pair<'a>],
     /// A span to use for errors.
@@ -760,7 +772,7 @@ struct FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
     /// Whether this is the root flow.
     root: bool,
     /// Provides unique locations to the flow's children.
-    locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
+    locator: &'a mut SplitLocator<'b>,
     /// The shared styles.
     shared: StyleChain<'a>,
     /// The number of columns.
@@ -811,8 +823,8 @@ struct CollectedParLine {
 /// A prepared item in a flow layout.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum FlowItem {
-    /// Spacing between other items and whether it is weak.
-    Absolute(Abs, bool),
+    /// Spacing between other items and its weakness level.
+    Absolute(Abs, u8),
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
     Fractional(Fr),
     /// A frame for a layouted block.
@@ -874,13 +886,13 @@ impl FlowItem {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
+impl<'a, 'b> FlowLayouter<'a, 'b> {
     /// Create a new flow layouter.
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn new(
-        engine: &'a mut Engine<'e>,
+        engine: &'a mut Engine<'b>,
         children: &'a [Pair<'a>],
-        locator: SplitLocator<'a>,
+        locator: &'a mut SplitLocator<'b>,
         shared: StyleChain<'a>,
         mut regions: Regions<'a>,
         columns: NonZeroUsize,
@@ -986,8 +998,10 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
                 self.handle_place(elem, styles)?;
             } else if let Some(elem) = child.to_packed::<FlushElem>() {
                 self.handle_flush(elem)?;
+            } else if child.is::<PagebreakElem>() {
+                bail!(child.span(), "pagebreaks are not allowed inside of containers");
             } else {
-                bail!(child.span(), "unexpected flow child");
+                bail!(child.span(), "{} is not allowed here", child.func().name());
             }
         }
 
@@ -1001,16 +1015,41 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
 
     /// Layout vertical spacing.
     fn handle_v(&mut self, v: &'a Packed<VElem>, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.handle_item(match v.amount {
+        self.layout_spacing(v.amount, styles, v.weak(styles) as u8)
+    }
+
+    /// Layout spacing, handling weakness.
+    fn layout_spacing(
+        &mut self,
+        amount: impl Into<Spacing>,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+        weakness: u8,
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        self.handle_item(match amount.into() {
             Spacing::Rel(rel) => FlowItem::Absolute(
                 // Resolve the spacing relative to the current base height.
                 rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(self.initial.y),
-                v.weakness(styles) > 0,
+                weakness,
             ),
             Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(fr),
         })
     }
 
+    /// Trim trailing weak spacing from the items.
+    fn trim_weak_spacing(&mut self) {
+        for (i, item) in self.items.iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            match item {
+                FlowItem::Absolute(amount, 1..) => {
+                    self.regions.size.y += *amount;
+                    self.items.remove(i);
+                    return;
+                }
+                FlowItem::Frame { .. } => return,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Layout a column break.
     fn handle_colbreak(&mut self, _: &'a Packed<ColbreakElem>) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // If there is still an available region, skip to it.
@@ -1031,6 +1070,7 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
         // Fetch properties.
         let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
         let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
+        let spacing = ParElem::spacing_in(styles);
         let costs = TextElem::costs_in(styles);
 
         // Layout the paragraph into lines. This only depends on the base size,
@@ -1075,10 +1115,12 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
         let back_2 = height_at(len.saturating_sub(2));
         let back_1 = height_at(len.saturating_sub(1));
 
+        self.layout_spacing(spacing, styles, 4)?;
+
         // Layout the lines.
         for (i, mut frame) in lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
-                self.handle_item(FlowItem::Absolute(leading, true))?;
+                self.layout_spacing(leading, styles, 5)?;
             }
 
             // To prevent widows and orphans, we require enough space for
@@ -1114,7 +1156,9 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
             })?;
         }
 
+        self.layout_spacing(spacing, styles, 4)?;
         self.last_was_par = true;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -1128,6 +1172,11 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
         let sticky = block.sticky(styles);
         let align = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
         let rootable = block.rootable(styles);
+        let spacing = Lazy::new(|| (ParElem::spacing_in(styles).into(), 4));
+        let (above, above_weakness) =
+            block.above(styles).map(|v| (v, 3)).unwrap_or_else(|| *spacing);
+        let (below, below_weakness) =
+            block.below(styles).map(|v| (v, 3)).unwrap_or_else(|| *spacing);
 
         // If the block is "rootable" it may host footnotes. In that case, we
         // defer rootness to it temporarily. We disable our own rootness to
@@ -1143,6 +1192,8 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
             self.finish_region(false)?;
         }
 
+        self.layout_spacing(above, styles, above_weakness)?;
+
         // Layout the block itself.
         let fragment = block.layout(
             self.engine,
@@ -1174,6 +1225,7 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
         }
 
         self.try_handle_footnotes(notes)?;
+        self.layout_spacing(below, styles, below_weakness)?;
 
         self.root = is_root;
         self.regions.root = false;
@@ -1232,18 +1284,40 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
     /// Layout a finished frame.
     fn handle_item(&mut self, mut item: FlowItem) -> SourceResult<()> {
         match item {
-            FlowItem::Absolute(v, weak) => {
-                if weak
-                    && !self
-                        .items
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(|item| matches!(item, FlowItem::Frame { .. },))
-                {
-                    return Ok(());
+            FlowItem::Absolute(v, weakness) => {
+                if weakness > 0 {
+                    let mut has_frame = false;
+                    for prev in self.items.iter_mut().rev() {
+                        match prev {
+                            FlowItem::Frame { .. } => {
+                                has_frame = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            FlowItem::Absolute(prev_amount, prev_level)
+                                if *prev_level > 0 =>
+                            {
+                                if *prev_level >= weakness {
+                                    let diff = v - *prev_amount;
+                                    if *prev_level > weakness || diff > Abs::zero() {
+                                        self.regions.size.y -= diff;
+                                        *prev = item;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                return Ok(());
+                            }
+                            FlowItem::Fractional(_) => return Ok(()),
+                            _ => {}
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if !has_frame {
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
                 }
-                self.regions.size.y -= v
+                self.regions.size.y -= v;
+            }
+            FlowItem::Fractional(..) => {
+                self.trim_weak_spacing();
             }
-            FlowItem::Fractional(..) => {}
             FlowItem::Frame { ref frame, movable, .. } => {
                 let height = frame.height();
                 while !self.regions.size.y.fits(height) && !self.regions.in_last() {
@@ -1289,13 +1363,16 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
 
                 // Select the closer placement, top or bottom.
                 if y_align.is_auto() {
-                    let ratio = (self.regions.size.y
-                        - (frame.height() + clearance) / 2.0)
-                        / self.regions.full;
+                    // When the figure's vertical midpoint would be above the
+                    // middle of the page if it were layouted in-flow, we use
+                    // top alignment. Otherwise, we use bottom alignment.
+                    let used = self.regions.full - self.regions.size.y;
+                    let half = (frame.height() + clearance) / 2.0;
+                    let ratio = (used + half) / self.regions.full;
                     let better_align = if ratio <= 0.5 {
-                        FixedAlignment::End
-                    } else {
                         FixedAlignment::Start
+                    } else {
+                        FixedAlignment::End
                     };
                     *y_align = Smart::Custom(Some(better_align));
                 }
@@ -1365,6 +1442,8 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
     /// only (this is used to force the creation of a frame in case the
     /// remaining elements are all out-of-flow).
     fn finish_region(&mut self, force: bool) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        self.trim_weak_spacing();
+
         // Early return if we don't have any relevant items.
         if !force
             && !self.items.is_empty()
@@ -1383,15 +1462,6 @@ impl<'a, 'e> FlowLayouter<'a, 'e> {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        // Trim weak spacing.
-        while self
-            .items
-            .last()
-            .is_some_and(|item| matches!(item, FlowItem::Absolute(_, true)))
-        {
-            self.items.pop();
-        }
-
         // Determine the used size.
         let mut fr = Fr::zero();
         let mut used = Size::zero();
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/collect.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/collect.rs
index dbebcf91b..f1bb5869c 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/collect.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/collect.rs
@@ -274,16 +274,24 @@ impl<'a> Collector<'a> {
     }
 
     fn push_segment(&mut self, segment: Segment<'a>) {
-        if let (Some(Segment::Text(last_len, last_styles)), Segment::Text(len, styles)) =
-            (self.segments.last_mut(), &segment)
-        {
-            if *last_styles == *styles {
+        match (self.segments.last_mut(), &segment) {
+            // Merge adjacent text segments with the same styles.
+            (Some(Segment::Text(last_len, last_styles)), Segment::Text(len, styles))
+                if *last_styles == *styles =>
+            {
                 *last_len += *len;
-                return;
             }
-        }
 
-        self.segments.push(segment);
+            // Merge adjacent weak spacing by taking the maximum.
+            (
+                Some(Segment::Item(Item::Absolute(prev_amount, true))),
+                Segment::Item(Item::Absolute(amount, true)),
+            ) => {
+                *prev_amount = (*prev_amount).max(*amount);
+            }
+
+            _ => self.segments.push(segment),
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/line.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/line.rs
index b1ac11ca5..d930f7071 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/line.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/inline/line.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ pub fn line<'a>(
 /// example, the `range` may span "hello\n", but the `trim` specifies that the
 /// linebreak is trimmed.
 ///
-/// We do not factor the `trim` diredctly into the `range` because we still want
+/// We do not factor the `trim` directly into the `range` because we still want
 /// to keep non-text items after the trim (e.g. tags).
 fn collect_items<'a>(
     engine: &Engine,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
index 3d94ab79d..ac7834bb8 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/page.rs
@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@ use crate::diag::{bail, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
 use crate::foundations::{
     cast, elem, Args, AutoValue, Cast, Construct, Content, Context, Dict, Fold, Func,
-    NativeElement, Packed, Set, Smart, StyleChain, Value,
+    NativeElement, Set, Smart, StyleChain, Value,
 };
 use crate::layout::{
     Abs, Alignment, FlushElem, Frame, HAlignment, Length, OuterVAlignment, Ratio, Rel,
     Sides, SpecificAlignment,
 };
 use crate::model::Numbering;
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 use crate::utils::{singleton, NonZeroExt, Scalar};
 use crate::visualize::{Color, Paint};
 
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ impl Construct for PageElem {
 /// == Compound Theory
 /// In 1984, the first ...
 /// ```
-#[elem(title = "Page Break", Behave)]
+#[elem(title = "Page Break")]
 pub struct PagebreakElem {
     /// If `{true}`, the page break is skipped if the current page is already
     /// empty.
@@ -417,12 +416,6 @@ pub struct PagebreakElem {
     pub boundary: bool,
 }
 
-impl Behave for Packed<PagebreakElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Destructive
-    }
-}
-
 impl PagebreakElem {
     /// Get the globally shared weak pagebreak element.
     pub fn shared_weak() -> &'static Content {
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
index 75a13fefb..e557e8d05 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/place.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 use crate::diag::{bail, At, Hint, SourceResult};
 use crate::engine::Engine;
-use crate::foundations::{elem, scope, Content, Packed, Smart, StyleChain, Unlabellable};
+use crate::foundations::{elem, scope, Content, Packed, Smart, StyleChain};
 use crate::introspection::Locator;
 use crate::layout::{
     layout_frame, Alignment, Axes, Em, Frame, Length, Region, Rel, Size, VAlignment,
 };
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 
 /// Places content at an absolute position.
 ///
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 ///   ),
 /// )
 /// ```
-#[elem(scope, Behave)]
+#[elem(scope)]
 pub struct PlaceElem {
     /// Relative to which position in the parent container to place the content.
     ///
@@ -140,12 +139,6 @@ impl Packed<PlaceElem> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Behave for Packed<PlaceElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Ignorant
-    }
-}
-
 /// Asks the layout algorithm to place pending floating elements before
 /// continuing with the content.
 ///
@@ -172,13 +165,5 @@ impl Behave for Packed<PlaceElem> {
 /// Some conclusive text that must occur
 /// after the figure.
 /// ```
-#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable)]
+#[elem]
 pub struct FlushElem {}
-
-impl Behave for Packed<FlushElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Ignorant
-    }
-}
-
-impl Unlabellable for Packed<FlushElem> {}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/layout/spacing.rs b/crates/typst/src/layout/spacing.rs
index 60e9b59bc..af0b1e647 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/layout/spacing.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/layout/spacing.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-use crate::foundations::{cast, elem, Content, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain};
+use crate::foundations::{cast, elem, Content};
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Em, Fr, Length, Ratio, Rel};
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 use crate::utils::Numeric;
 
 /// Inserts horizontal spacing into a paragraph.
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ use crate::utils::Numeric;
 /// In [mathematical formulas]($category/math), you can additionally use these
 /// constants to add spacing between elements: `thin` (1/6 em), `med`(2/9 em),
 /// `thick` (5/18 em), `quad` (1 em), `wide` (2 em).
-#[elem(title = "Spacing (H)", Behave)]
+#[elem(title = "Spacing (H)")]
 pub struct HElem {
     /// How much spacing to insert.
     #[required]
@@ -62,29 +61,6 @@ impl HElem {
     }
 }
 
-impl Behave for Packed<HElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        if self.amount().is_fractional() {
-            Behaviour::Destructive
-        } else if self.weak(StyleChain::default()) {
-            Behaviour::Weak(1)
-        } else {
-            Behaviour::Ignorant
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn larger(&self, prev: &(&Content, StyleChain), styles: StyleChain) -> bool {
-        let Some(other) = prev.0.to_packed::<HElem>() else { return false };
-        match (self.amount(), other.amount()) {
-            (Spacing::Fr(this), Spacing::Fr(other)) => this > other,
-            (Spacing::Rel(this), Spacing::Rel(other)) => {
-                this.resolve(styles) > other.resolve(prev.1)
-            }
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Inserts vertical spacing into a flow of blocks.
 ///
 /// The spacing can be absolute, relative, or fractional. In the last case,
@@ -105,7 +81,7 @@ impl Behave for Packed<HElem> {
 ///   [A #v(1fr) B],
 /// )
 /// ```
-#[elem(title = "Spacing (V)", Behave)]
+#[elem(title = "Spacing (V)")]
 pub struct VElem {
     /// How much spacing to insert.
     #[required]
@@ -124,14 +100,8 @@ pub struct VElem {
     /// #v(4pt, weak: true)
     /// The proof is simple:
     /// ```
-    #[external]
     pub weak: bool,
 
-    /// The spacing's weakness level, see also [`Behaviour`].
-    #[internal]
-    #[parse(args.named("weak")?.map(|v: bool| v as usize))]
-    pub weakness: usize,
-
     /// Whether the spacing collapses if not immediately preceded by a
     /// paragraph.
     #[internal]
@@ -139,56 +109,6 @@ pub struct VElem {
     pub attach: bool,
 }
 
-impl VElem {
-    /// Normal strong spacing.
-    pub fn strong(amount: Spacing) -> Self {
-        Self::new(amount).with_weakness(0)
-    }
-
-    /// User-created weak spacing.
-    pub fn weak(amount: Spacing) -> Self {
-        Self::new(amount).with_weakness(1)
-    }
-
-    /// Weak spacing with list attach weakness.
-    pub fn list_attach(amount: Spacing) -> Self {
-        Self::new(amount).with_weakness(2).with_attach(true)
-    }
-
-    /// Weak spacing with `BlockElem::spacing` weakness.
-    pub fn block_spacing(amount: Spacing) -> Self {
-        Self::new(amount).with_weakness(3)
-    }
-
-    /// Weak spacing with `ParElem::spacing` weakness.
-    pub fn par_spacing(amount: Spacing) -> Self {
-        Self::new(amount).with_weakness(4)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Behave for Packed<VElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        if self.amount().is_fractional() {
-            Behaviour::Destructive
-        } else if self.weakness(StyleChain::default()) > 0 {
-            Behaviour::Weak(self.weakness(StyleChain::default()))
-        } else {
-            Behaviour::Ignorant
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn larger(&self, prev: &(&Content, StyleChain), styles: StyleChain) -> bool {
-        let Some(other) = prev.0.to_packed::<VElem>() else { return false };
-        match (self.amount(), other.amount()) {
-            (Spacing::Fr(this), Spacing::Fr(other)) => this > other,
-            (Spacing::Rel(this), Spacing::Rel(other)) => {
-                this.resolve(styles) > other.resolve(prev.1)
-            }
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 cast! {
     VElem,
     v: Content => v.unpack::<Self>().map_err(|_| "expected `v` element")?,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
index 06e352572..6da16406e 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/ctx.rs
@@ -11,17 +11,20 @@ use unicode_segmentation::UnicodeSegmentation;
 
 use crate::diag::SourceResult;
 use crate::engine::Engine;
-use crate::foundations::{Content, Packed, StyleChain, StyleVec};
-use crate::introspection::{Locator, SplitLocator};
-use crate::layout::{layout_frame, Abs, Axes, BoxElem, Em, Frame, Region, Size};
+use crate::foundations::{Content, Packed, Resolve, StyleChain, StyleVec};
+use crate::introspection::{SplitLocator, TagElem};
+use crate::layout::{
+    layout_frame, Abs, Axes, BoxElem, Em, Frame, HElem, PlaceElem, Region, Size, Spacing,
+};
 use crate::math::{
     scaled_font_size, styled_char, EquationElem, FrameFragment, GlyphFragment,
     LayoutMath, MathFragment, MathRun, MathSize, THICK,
 };
+use crate::realize::{realize, Arenas, RealizationKind};
 use crate::syntax::{is_newline, Span};
 use crate::text::{
-    features, BottomEdge, BottomEdgeMetric, Font, TextElem, TextSize, TopEdge,
-    TopEdgeMetric,
+    features, BottomEdge, BottomEdgeMetric, Font, LinebreakElem, SpaceElem, TextElem,
+    TextSize, TopEdge, TopEdgeMetric,
 };
 
 macro_rules! scaled {
@@ -45,10 +48,10 @@ macro_rules! percent {
 }
 
 /// The context for math layout.
-pub struct MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
+pub struct MathContext<'a, 'v, 'e> {
     // External.
-    pub engine: &'v mut Engine<'b>,
-    pub locator: SplitLocator<'v>,
+    pub engine: &'v mut Engine<'e>,
+    pub locator: &'v mut SplitLocator<'a>,
     pub region: Region,
     // Font-related.
     pub font: &'a Font,
@@ -62,10 +65,11 @@ pub struct MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     pub fragments: Vec<MathFragment>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
+impl<'a, 'v, 'e> MathContext<'a, 'v, 'e> {
+    /// Create a new math context.
     pub fn new(
-        engine: &'v mut Engine<'b>,
-        locator: Locator<'v>,
+        engine: &'v mut Engine<'e>,
+        locator: &'v mut SplitLocator<'a>,
         styles: StyleChain<'a>,
         base: Size,
         font: &'a Font,
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
 
         Self {
             engine,
-            locator: locator.split(),
+            locator,
             region: Region::new(base, Axes::splat(false)),
             font,
             ttf: font.ttf(),
@@ -117,18 +121,29 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Push a fragment.
     pub fn push(&mut self, fragment: impl Into<MathFragment>) {
         self.fragments.push(fragment.into());
     }
 
-    pub fn extend(&mut self, fragments: Vec<MathFragment>) {
+    /// Push multiple fragments.
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, fragments: impl IntoIterator<Item = MathFragment>) {
         self.fragments.extend(fragments);
     }
 
+    /// Layout the given element and return the result as a [`MathRun`].
+    pub fn layout_into_run(
+        &mut self,
+        elem: &Content,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+    ) -> SourceResult<MathRun> {
+        Ok(MathRun::new(self.layout_into_fragments(elem, styles)?))
+    }
+
     /// Layout the given element and return the resulting [`MathFragment`]s.
     pub fn layout_into_fragments(
         &mut self,
-        elem: &dyn LayoutMath,
+        elem: &Content,
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> SourceResult<Vec<MathFragment>> {
         // The element's layout_math() changes the fragments held in this
@@ -136,24 +151,15 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         // them, so we restore the MathContext's fragments after obtaining the
         // layout result.
         let prev = std::mem::take(&mut self.fragments);
-        elem.layout_math(self, styles)?;
+        self.layout(elem, styles)?;
         Ok(std::mem::replace(&mut self.fragments, prev))
     }
 
-    /// Layout the given element and return the result as a [`MathRun`].
-    pub fn layout_into_run(
-        &mut self,
-        elem: &dyn LayoutMath,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> SourceResult<MathRun> {
-        Ok(MathRun::new(self.layout_into_fragments(elem, styles)?))
-    }
-
     /// Layout the given element and return the result as a
     /// unified [`MathFragment`].
     pub fn layout_into_fragment(
         &mut self,
-        elem: &dyn LayoutMath,
+        elem: &Content,
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> SourceResult<MathFragment> {
         Ok(self.layout_into_run(elem, styles)?.into_fragment(self, styles))
@@ -162,14 +168,89 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     /// Layout the given element and return the result as a [`Frame`].
     pub fn layout_into_frame(
         &mut self,
-        elem: &dyn LayoutMath,
+        elem: &Content,
         styles: StyleChain,
     ) -> SourceResult<Frame> {
         Ok(self.layout_into_fragment(elem, styles)?.into_frame())
     }
+}
 
-    /// Layout the given [`BoxElem`] into a [`Frame`].
-    pub fn layout_box(
+impl MathContext<'_, '_, '_> {
+    /// Layout arbitrary content.
+    fn layout(&mut self, content: &Content, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        let arenas = Arenas::default();
+        let pairs = realize(
+            RealizationKind::Math,
+            self.engine,
+            self.locator,
+            &arenas,
+            content,
+            styles,
+        )?;
+
+        let outer = styles;
+        for (elem, styles) in pairs {
+            // Hack because the font is fixed in math.
+            if styles != outer && TextElem::font_in(styles) != TextElem::font_in(outer) {
+                let frame = self.layout_external(elem, styles)?;
+                self.push(FrameFragment::new(self, styles, frame).with_spaced(true));
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            self.layout_realized(elem, styles)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Layout an element resulting from realization.
+    fn layout_realized(
+        &mut self,
+        elem: &Content,
+        styles: StyleChain,
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
+            self.push(MathFragment::Tag(elem.tag.clone()));
+        } else if elem.is::<SpaceElem>() {
+            let font_size = scaled_font_size(self, styles);
+            self.push(MathFragment::Space(self.space_width.at(font_size)));
+        } else if elem.is::<LinebreakElem>() {
+            self.push(MathFragment::Linebreak);
+        } else if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<HElem>() {
+            if let Spacing::Rel(rel) = elem.amount() {
+                if rel.rel.is_zero() {
+                    self.push(MathFragment::Spacing(
+                        rel.abs.resolve(styles),
+                        elem.weak(styles),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(elem) = elem.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
+            let fragment = self.layout_text(elem, styles)?;
+            self.push(fragment);
+        } else if let Some(boxed) = elem.to_packed::<BoxElem>() {
+            let frame = self.layout_box(boxed, styles)?;
+            self.push(FrameFragment::new(self, styles, frame).with_spaced(true));
+        } else if let Some(elem) = elem.with::<dyn LayoutMath>() {
+            elem.layout_math(self, styles)?;
+        } else {
+            let mut frame = self.layout_external(elem, styles)?;
+            if !frame.has_baseline() {
+                let axis = scaled!(self, styles, axis_height);
+                frame.set_baseline(frame.height() / 2.0 + axis);
+            }
+            self.push(
+                FrameFragment::new(self, styles, frame)
+                    .with_spaced(true)
+                    .with_ignorant(elem.is::<PlaceElem>()),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Layout a box into a frame.
+    fn layout_box(
         &mut self,
         boxed: &Packed<BoxElem>,
         styles: StyleChain,
@@ -184,8 +265,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
         )
     }
 
-    /// Layout the given [`Content`] into a [`Frame`].
-    pub fn layout_content(
+    /// Layout into a frame with normal layout.
+    fn layout_external(
         &mut self,
         content: &Content,
         styles: StyleChain,
@@ -202,7 +283,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     }
 
     /// Layout the given [`TextElem`] into a [`MathFragment`].
-    pub fn layout_text(
+    fn layout_text(
         &mut self,
         elem: &Packed<TextElem>,
         styles: StyleChain,
@@ -316,6 +397,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'v> MathContext<'a, 'b, 'v> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Converts some unit to an absolute length with the current font & font size.
 pub(super) trait Scaled {
     fn scaled(self, ctx: &MathContext, font_size: Abs) -> Abs;
 }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
index 208540cd0..ffefea741 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/equation.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::layout::{
     Size, SpecificAlignment, VAlignment,
 };
 use crate::math::{
-    scaled_font_size, LayoutMath, MathContext, MathRunFrameBuilder, MathSize, MathVariant,
+    scaled_font_size, MathContext, MathRunFrameBuilder, MathSize, MathVariant,
 };
 use crate::model::{Numbering, Outlinable, ParElem, Refable, Supplement};
 use crate::syntax::Span;
@@ -48,10 +48,7 @@ use crate::World;
 /// least one space lifts it into a separate block that is centered
 /// horizontally. For more details about math syntax, see the
 /// [main math page]($category/math).
-#[elem(
-    Locatable, Synthesize, Show, ShowSet, LayoutMath, Count, LocalName, Refable,
-    Outlinable
-)]
+#[elem(Locatable, Synthesize, Show, ShowSet, Count, LocalName, Refable, Outlinable)]
 pub struct EquationElem {
     /// Whether the equation is displayed as a separate block.
     #[default(false)]
@@ -258,13 +255,6 @@ impl Outlinable for Packed<EquationElem> {
     }
 }
 
-impl LayoutMath for Packed<EquationElem> {
-    #[typst_macros::time(name = "math.equation", span = self.span())]
-    fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.body().layout_math(ctx, styles)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Layout an inline equation (in a paragraph).
 #[typst_macros::time(span = elem.span())]
 fn layout_equation_inline(
@@ -278,8 +268,9 @@ fn layout_equation_inline(
 
     let font = find_math_font(engine, styles, elem.span())?;
 
-    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, locator, styles, region, &font);
-    let run = ctx.layout_into_run(elem, styles)?;
+    let mut locator = locator.split();
+    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, &mut locator, styles, region, &font);
+    let run = ctx.layout_into_run(&elem.body, styles)?;
 
     let mut items = if run.row_count() == 1 {
         run.into_par_items()
@@ -326,10 +317,9 @@ fn layout_equation_block(
     let font = find_math_font(engine, styles, span)?;
 
     let mut locator = locator.split();
-    let mut ctx =
-        MathContext::new(engine, locator.next(&()), styles, regions.base(), &font);
+    let mut ctx = MathContext::new(engine, &mut locator, styles, regions.base(), &font);
     let full_equation_builder = ctx
-        .layout_into_run(elem, styles)?
+        .layout_into_run(&elem.body, styles)?
         .multiline_frame_builder(&ctx, styles);
     let width = full_equation_builder.size.x;
     let can_break =
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/fragment.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/fragment.rs
index 959e4c8f4..17e988785 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/fragment.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/fragment.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub enum MathFragment {
     Glyph(GlyphFragment),
     Variant(VariantFragment),
     Frame(FrameFragment),
-    Spacing(SpacingFragment),
+    Spacing(Abs, bool),
     Space(Abs),
     Linebreak,
     Align,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl MathFragment {
             Self::Glyph(glyph) => glyph.width,
             Self::Variant(variant) => variant.frame.width(),
             Self::Frame(fragment) => fragment.frame.width(),
-            Self::Spacing(spacing) => spacing.width,
+            Self::Spacing(amount, _) => *amount,
             Self::Space(amount) => *amount,
             _ => Abs::zero(),
         }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl MathFragment {
             Self::Glyph(glyph) => glyph.class,
             Self::Variant(variant) => variant.class,
             Self::Frame(fragment) => fragment.class,
-            Self::Spacing(_) => MathClass::Space,
+            Self::Spacing(_, _) => MathClass::Space,
             Self::Space(_) => MathClass::Space,
             Self::Linebreak => MathClass::Space,
             Self::Align => MathClass::Special,
@@ -225,12 +225,6 @@ impl From<FrameFragment> for MathFragment {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<SpacingFragment> for MathFragment {
-    fn from(fragment: SpacingFragment) -> Self {
-        Self::Spacing(fragment)
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct GlyphFragment {
     pub id: GlyphId,
@@ -525,12 +519,6 @@ impl FrameFragment {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SpacingFragment {
-    pub width: Abs,
-    pub weak: bool,
-}
-
 /// Look up the italics correction for a glyph.
 fn italics_correction(ctx: &MathContext, id: GlyphId, font_size: Abs) -> Option<Abs> {
     Some(
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/lr.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/lr.rs
index e542b8db4..70fab12df 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/lr.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/lr.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     elem, func, Content, NativeElement, Packed, Resolve, Smart, StyleChain,
 };
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Em, Length, Rel};
-use crate::math::{
-    GlyphFragment, LayoutMath, MathContext, MathFragment, Scaled, SpacingFragment,
-};
+use crate::math::{GlyphFragment, LayoutMath, MathContext, MathFragment, Scaled};
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 
 use super::delimiter_alignment;
@@ -90,10 +88,7 @@ impl LayoutMath for Packed<LrElem> {
         fragments.retain(|fragment| {
             index += 1;
             (index != 2 && index + 1 != original_len)
-                || !matches!(
-                    fragment,
-                    MathFragment::Spacing(SpacingFragment { weak: true, .. })
-                )
+                || !matches!(fragment, MathFragment::Spacing(_, true))
         });
 
         ctx.extend(fragments);
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
index 72b426b58..ab9989758 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/mod.rs
@@ -42,15 +42,10 @@ use self::fragment::*;
 use self::row::*;
 use self::spacing::*;
 
-use crate::diag::{At, SourceResult};
-use crate::foundations::{
-    category, Category, Content, Module, Resolve, Scope, SequenceElem, StyleChain,
-    StyledElem,
-};
-use crate::introspection::{TagElem, TagKind};
-use crate::layout::{BoxElem, HElem, Spacing, VAlignment};
-use crate::realize::{process, BehavedBuilder, Behaviour};
-use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
+use crate::diag::SourceResult;
+use crate::foundations::{category, Category, Module, Scope, StyleChain};
+use crate::layout::VAlignment;
+use crate::text::TextElem;
 
 /// Typst has special [syntax]($syntax/#math) and library functions to typeset
 /// mathematical formulas. Math formulas can be displayed inline with text or as
@@ -223,122 +218,6 @@ pub trait LayoutMath {
     fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()>;
 }
 
-impl LayoutMath for Content {
-    #[typst_macros::time(name = "math", span = self.span())]
-    fn layout_math(&self, ctx: &mut MathContext, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        // Directly layout the body of nested equations instead of handling it
-        // like a normal equation so that things like this work:
-        // ```
-        // #let my = $pi$
-        // $ my r^2 $
-        // ```
-        if let Some(elem) = self.to_packed::<EquationElem>() {
-            return elem.layout_math(ctx, styles);
-        }
-
-        if let Some((tag, realized)) =
-            process(ctx.engine, &mut ctx.locator, self, styles)?
-        {
-            ctx.engine.route.increase();
-            ctx.engine.route.check_show_depth().at(self.span())?;
-
-            if let Some(tag) = &tag {
-                ctx.push(MathFragment::Tag(tag.clone()));
-            }
-            realized.layout_math(ctx, styles)?;
-            if let Some(tag) = tag {
-                ctx.push(MathFragment::Tag(tag.with_kind(TagKind::End)));
-            }
-
-            ctx.engine.route.decrease();
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if self.is::<SequenceElem>() {
-            let mut bb = BehavedBuilder::new();
-            self.sequence_recursive_for_each(&mut |child: &Content| {
-                bb.push(child, StyleChain::default());
-            });
-            for (child, _) in bb.finish() {
-                child.layout_math(ctx, styles)?;
-            }
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(styled) = self.to_packed::<StyledElem>() {
-            let outer = styles;
-            let styles = outer.chain(&styled.styles);
-
-            if TextElem::font_in(styles) != TextElem::font_in(outer) {
-                let frame = ctx.layout_content(&styled.child, styles)?;
-                ctx.push(FrameFragment::new(ctx, styles, frame).with_spaced(true));
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-
-            styled.child.layout_math(ctx, styles)?;
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if self.is::<SpaceElem>() {
-            let font_size = scaled_font_size(ctx, styles);
-            ctx.push(MathFragment::Space(ctx.space_width.at(font_size)));
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if self.is::<LinebreakElem>() {
-            ctx.push(MathFragment::Linebreak);
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(elem) = self.to_packed::<HElem>() {
-            if let Spacing::Rel(rel) = elem.amount() {
-                if rel.rel.is_zero() {
-                    ctx.push(SpacingFragment {
-                        width: rel.abs.resolve(styles),
-                        weak: elem.weak(styles),
-                    });
-                }
-            }
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(elem) = self.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
-            let fragment = ctx.layout_text(elem, styles)?;
-            ctx.push(fragment);
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(boxed) = self.to_packed::<BoxElem>() {
-            let frame = ctx.layout_box(boxed, styles)?;
-            ctx.push(FrameFragment::new(ctx, styles, frame).with_spaced(true));
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(elem) = self.to_packed::<TagElem>() {
-            ctx.push(MathFragment::Tag(elem.tag.clone()));
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(elem) = self.with::<dyn LayoutMath>() {
-            return elem.layout_math(ctx, styles);
-        }
-
-        let mut frame = ctx.layout_content(self, styles)?;
-        if !frame.has_baseline() {
-            let axis = scaled!(ctx, styles, axis_height);
-            frame.set_baseline(frame.height() / 2.0 + axis);
-        }
-
-        ctx.push(
-            FrameFragment::new(ctx, styles, frame)
-                .with_spaced(true)
-                .with_ignorant(self.behaviour() == Behaviour::Ignorant),
-        );
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
 fn delimiter_alignment(delimiter: char) -> VAlignment {
     match delimiter {
         '\u{231c}' | '\u{231d}' => VAlignment::Top,
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/row.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/row.rs
index cafffdc51..a8422b1e6 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/row.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/row.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ use crate::math::{
 };
 use crate::model::ParElem;
 
-use super::fragment::SpacingFragment;
-
 pub const TIGHT_LEADING: Em = Em::new(0.25);
 
 /// A linear collection of [`MathFragment`]s.
@@ -37,9 +35,21 @@ impl MathRun {
                 }
 
                 // Explicit spacing disables automatic spacing.
-                MathFragment::Spacing(_) => {
+                MathFragment::Spacing(width, weak) => {
                     last = None;
                     space = None;
+
+                    if weak {
+                        match resolved.last_mut() {
+                            None => continue,
+                            Some(MathFragment::Spacing(prev, true)) => {
+                                *prev = (*prev).max(width);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            Some(_) => {}
+                        }
+                    }
+
                     resolved.push(fragment);
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -91,6 +101,10 @@ impl MathRun {
             resolved.push(fragment);
         }
 
+        if let Some(MathFragment::Spacing(_, true)) = resolved.last() {
+            resolved.pop();
+        }
+
         Self(resolved)
     }
 
@@ -290,15 +304,14 @@ impl MathRun {
 
         let is_relation = |f: &MathFragment| matches!(f.class(), MathClass::Relation);
         let is_space = |f: &MathFragment| {
-            matches!(f, MathFragment::Space(_) | MathFragment::Spacing(_))
+            matches!(f, MathFragment::Space(_) | MathFragment::Spacing(_, _))
         };
 
         let mut iter = self.0.into_iter().peekable();
         while let Some(fragment) = iter.next() {
             if space_is_visible {
                 match fragment {
-                    MathFragment::Space(width)
-                    | MathFragment::Spacing(SpacingFragment { width, .. }) => {
+                    MathFragment::Space(width) | MathFragment::Spacing(width, _) => {
                         items.push(InlineItem::Space(width, true));
                         continue;
                     }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/math/spacing.rs b/crates/typst/src/math/spacing.rs
index 6f3dc8ccc..377a22483 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/math/spacing.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/math/spacing.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use unicode_math_class::MathClass;
 
 use crate::foundations::{NativeElement, Scope};
 use crate::layout::{Abs, Em, HElem};
-use crate::math::{MathFragment, MathSize, SpacingFragment};
+use crate::math::{MathFragment, MathSize};
 
 pub(super) const THIN: Em = Em::new(1.0 / 6.0);
 pub(super) const MEDIUM: Em = Em::new(2.0 / 9.0);
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub(super) fn spacing(
 
     let resolve = |v: Em, size_ref: &MathFragment| -> Option<MathFragment> {
         let width = size_ref.font_size().map_or(Abs::zero(), |size| v.at(size));
-        Some(SpacingFragment { width, weak: false }.into())
+        Some(MathFragment::Spacing(width, false))
     };
     let script = |f: &MathFragment| f.math_size().is_some_and(|s| s <= MathSize::Script);
 
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/bibliography.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/bibliography.rs
index 71616616c..f003252d0 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/bibliography.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/bibliography.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,9 @@ impl Show for Packed<BibliographyElem> {
             .ok_or("CSL style is not suitable for bibliographies")
             .at(span)?;
 
-        let row_gutter = ParElem::spacing_in(styles).into();
+        let row_gutter = ParElem::spacing_in(styles);
+        let row_gutter_elem = VElem::new(row_gutter.into()).with_weak(true).pack();
+
         if references.iter().any(|(prefix, _)| prefix.is_some()) {
             let mut cells = vec![];
             for (prefix, reference) in references {
@@ -244,18 +246,18 @@ impl Show for Packed<BibliographyElem> {
                 )));
             }
 
-            seq.push(VElem::new(row_gutter).with_weakness(3).pack());
+            seq.push(row_gutter_elem.clone());
             seq.push(
                 GridElem::new(cells)
                     .with_columns(TrackSizings(smallvec![Sizing::Auto; 2]))
                     .with_column_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![COLUMN_GUTTER.into()]))
-                    .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![(row_gutter).into()]))
+                    .with_row_gutter(TrackSizings(smallvec![row_gutter.into()]))
                     .pack()
                     .spanned(self.span()),
             );
         } else {
             for (_, reference) in references {
-                seq.push(VElem::new(row_gutter).with_weakness(3).pack());
+                seq.push(row_gutter_elem.clone());
                 seq.push(reference.clone());
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
index 336a8fc94..32a400e82 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/enum.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::layout::{
     Alignment, Axes, BlockElem, Cell, CellGrid, Em, Fragment, GridLayouter, HAlignment,
     Length, Regions, Sizing, VAlignment, VElem,
 };
-use crate::model::{Numbering, NumberingPattern, ParElem};
+use crate::model::{ListItemLike, ListLike, Numbering, NumberingPattern, ParElem};
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 
 /// A numbered list.
@@ -224,7 +224,8 @@ impl Show for Packed<EnumElem> {
 
         if self.tight(styles) {
             let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
-            let spacing = VElem::list_attach(leading.into()).pack();
+            let spacing =
+                VElem::new(leading.into()).with_weak(true).with_attach(true).pack();
             realized = spacing + realized;
         }
 
@@ -325,14 +326,6 @@ pub struct EnumItem {
     pub body: Content,
 }
 
-impl Packed<EnumItem> {
-    /// Apply styles to this enum item.
-    pub fn styled(mut self, styles: Styles) -> Self {
-        self.body.style_in_place(styles);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
 cast! {
     EnumItem,
     array: Array => {
@@ -345,3 +338,18 @@ cast! {
     },
     v: Content => v.unpack::<Self>().unwrap_or_else(Self::new),
 }
+
+impl ListLike for EnumElem {
+    type Item = EnumItem;
+
+    fn create(children: Vec<Packed<Self::Item>>, tight: bool) -> Self {
+        Self::new(children).with_tight(tight)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ListItemLike for EnumItem {
+    fn styled(mut item: Packed<Self>, styles: Styles) -> Packed<Self> {
+        item.body.style_in_place(styles);
+        item
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/figure.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/figure.rs
index 164d1b48f..2d7fc131d 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/figure.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/figure.rs
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl Show for Packed<FigureElem> {
 
         // Build the caption, if any.
         if let Some(caption) = self.caption(styles) {
-            let v = VElem::weak(self.gap(styles).into()).pack();
+            let v = VElem::new(self.gap(styles).into()).with_weak(true).pack();
             realized = match caption.position(styles) {
                 OuterVAlignment::Top => caption.pack() + v + realized,
                 OuterVAlignment::Bottom => realized + v + caption.pack(),
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
index a0d76770b..0c55b7caf 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/list.rs
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@ impl Show for Packed<ListElem> {
 
         if self.tight(styles) {
             let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
-            let spacing = VElem::list_attach(leading.into()).pack();
+            let spacing =
+                VElem::new(leading.into()).with_weak(true).with_attach(true).pack();
             realized = spacing + realized;
         }
 
@@ -218,14 +219,6 @@ pub struct ListItem {
     pub body: Content,
 }
 
-impl Packed<ListItem> {
-    /// Apply styles to this list item.
-    pub fn styled(mut self, styles: Styles) -> Self {
-        self.body.style_in_place(styles);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
 cast! {
     ListItem,
     v: Content => v.unpack::<Self>().unwrap_or_else(Self::new)
@@ -276,3 +269,33 @@ cast! {
     },
     v: Func => Self::Func(v),
 }
+
+/// A list, enum, or term list.
+pub trait ListLike: NativeElement {
+    /// The kind of list item this list is composed of.
+    type Item: ListItemLike;
+
+    /// Create this kind of list from its children and tightness.
+    fn create(children: Vec<Packed<Self::Item>>, tight: bool) -> Self;
+}
+
+/// A list item, enum item, or term list item.
+pub trait ListItemLike: NativeElement {
+    /// Apply styles to the element's body.
+    fn styled(item: Packed<Self>, styles: Styles) -> Packed<Self>;
+}
+
+impl ListLike for ListElem {
+    type Item = ListItem;
+
+    fn create(children: Vec<Packed<Self::Item>>, tight: bool) -> Self {
+        Self::new(children).with_tight(tight)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ListItemLike for ListItem {
+    fn styled(mut item: Packed<Self>, styles: Styles) -> Packed<Self> {
+        item.body.style_in_place(styles);
+        item
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/quote.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/quote.rs
index 528c0998e..ff6ae1108 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/quote.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/quote.rs
@@ -207,8 +207,9 @@ impl Show for Packed<QuoteElem> {
 
                 // Use v(0.9em, weak: true) bring the attribution closer to the
                 // quote.
-                let weak_v = VElem::weak(Spacing::Rel(Em::new(0.9).into())).pack();
-                realized += weak_v + Content::sequence(seq).aligned(Alignment::END);
+                let gap = Spacing::Rel(Em::new(0.9).into());
+                let v = VElem::new(gap).with_weak(true).pack();
+                realized += v + Content::sequence(seq).aligned(Alignment::END);
             }
 
             realized = PadElem::new(realized).pack();
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/model/terms.rs b/crates/typst/src/model/terms.rs
index 98fe3ff19..75facc8dd 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/model/terms.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/model/terms.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::foundations::{
     Styles,
 };
 use crate::layout::{Dir, Em, HElem, Length, Sides, StackChild, StackElem, VElem};
-use crate::model::ParElem;
+use crate::model::{ListItemLike, ListLike, ParElem};
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 use crate::utils::Numeric;
 
@@ -150,7 +150,8 @@ impl Show for Packed<TermsElem> {
 
         if self.tight(styles) {
             let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
-            let spacing = VElem::list_attach(leading.into()).pack();
+            let spacing =
+                VElem::new(leading.into()).with_weak(true).with_attach(true).pack();
             realized = spacing + realized;
         }
 
@@ -170,15 +171,6 @@ pub struct TermItem {
     pub description: Content,
 }
 
-impl Packed<TermItem> {
-    /// Apply styles to this term item.
-    pub fn styled(mut self, styles: Styles) -> Self {
-        self.term.style_in_place(styles.clone());
-        self.description.style_in_place(styles);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
 cast! {
     TermItem,
     array: Array => {
@@ -191,3 +183,19 @@ cast! {
     },
     v: Content => v.unpack::<Self>().map_err(|_| "expected term item or array")?,
 }
+
+impl ListLike for TermsElem {
+    type Item = TermItem;
+
+    fn create(children: Vec<Packed<Self::Item>>, tight: bool) -> Self {
+        Self::new(children).with_tight(tight)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ListItemLike for TermItem {
+    fn styled(mut item: Packed<Self>, styles: Styles) -> Packed<Self> {
+        item.term.style_in_place(styles.clone());
+        item.description.style_in_place(styles);
+        item
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ebdd87a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/typst/src/realize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1238 @@
+//! Realization of content.
+//!
+//! *Realization* is the process of recursively applying styling and, in
+//! particular, show rules to produce well-known elements that can be laid out.
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use bumpalo::collections::{String as BumpString, Vec as BumpVec};
+use comemo::Track;
+use ecow::EcoString;
+use once_cell::unsync::Lazy;
+
+use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult};
+use crate::engine::Engine;
+use crate::foundations::{
+    Content, Context, ContextElem, Element, NativeElement, Recipe, RecipeIndex, Selector,
+    SequenceElem, Show, ShowSet, Style, StyleChain, StyleVec, StyledElem, Styles,
+    Synthesize, Transformation,
+};
+use crate::introspection::{Locatable, SplitLocator, Tag, TagElem, TagKind};
+use crate::layout::{
+    AlignElem, BoxElem, HElem, InlineElem, PageElem, PagebreakElem, VElem,
+};
+use crate::math::{EquationElem, LayoutMath};
+use crate::model::{
+    CiteElem, CiteGroup, DocumentElem, DocumentInfo, EnumElem, ListElem, ListItemLike,
+    ListLike, ParElem, ParbreakElem, TermsElem,
+};
+use crate::syntax::Span;
+use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SmartQuoteElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
+use crate::utils::{SliceExt, SmallBitSet};
+
+/// A pair of content and a style chain that applies to it.
+pub type Pair<'a> = (&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>);
+
+/// Realize content into a flat list of well-known, styled items.
+#[typst_macros::time(name = "realize")]
+pub fn realize<'a>(
+    kind: RealizationKind,
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
+    arenas: &'a Arenas,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<Vec<Pair<'a>>> {
+    let mut s = State {
+        engine,
+        locator,
+        arenas,
+        rules: match kind {
+            RealizationKind::Root(_) | RealizationKind::Container => NORMAL_RULES,
+            RealizationKind::Math => MATH_RULES,
+        },
+        sink: vec![],
+        groupings: ArrayVec::new(),
+        outside: matches!(kind, RealizationKind::Root(_)),
+        may_attach: false,
+        kind,
+    };
+
+    visit(&mut s, content, styles)?;
+    finish(&mut s)?;
+
+    Ok(s.sink)
+}
+
+/// Defines what kind of realization we are performing.
+pub enum RealizationKind<'a> {
+    /// This the root realization for the document. Requires a mutable reference
+    /// to document metadata that will be filled from `set document` rules.
+    Root(&'a mut DocumentInfo),
+    /// A nested realization in a container (e.g. a `block`).
+    Container,
+    /// A realization within math.
+    Math,
+}
+
+/// Temporary storage arenas for lifetime extension during realization.
+///
+/// Must be kept live while the content returned from realization is processed.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Arenas {
+    /// A typed arena for owned content.
+    content: typed_arena::Arena<Content>,
+    /// A typed arena for owned styles.
+    styles: typed_arena::Arena<Styles>,
+    /// An untyped arena for everything that is `Copy`.
+    bump: bumpalo::Bump,
+}
+
+/// Mutable state for realization.
+///
+/// Sadly, we need that many lifetimes because &mut references are invariant and
+/// it would force the lifetimes of e.g. engine and locator to be equal if they
+/// shared a lifetime. We can get around it by enforcing the lifetimes on
+/// `fn realize`, but that makes it less flexible on the call site, which isn't
+/// worth it.
+///
+/// The only interesting lifetime is 'a, which is that of the content that comes
+/// in and goes out. It's the same 'a as on `fn realize`.
+struct State<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z> {
+    /// Defines what kind of realization we are performing.
+    kind: RealizationKind<'x>,
+    /// The engine.
+    engine: &'x mut Engine<'y>,
+    /// Assigns unique locations to elements.
+    locator: &'x mut SplitLocator<'z>,
+    /// Temporary storage arenas for lifetime extension during realization.
+    arenas: &'a Arenas,
+    /// The output elements of well-known types.
+    sink: Vec<Pair<'a>>,
+    /// Grouping rules used for realization.
+    rules: &'x [&'x GroupingRule],
+    /// Currently active groupings.
+    groupings: ArrayVec<Grouping<'x>, MAX_GROUP_NESTING>,
+    /// Whether we are currently not within any container or show rule output.
+    /// This is used to determine page styles during layout.
+    outside: bool,
+    /// Whether now following attach spacing can survive.
+    may_attach: bool,
+}
+
+/// Defines a rule for how certain elements shall be grouped during realization.
+struct GroupingRule {
+    /// When an element is visited that matches a rule with higher priority
+    /// than one that is currently grouped, we start a nested group.
+    priority: u8,
+    /// Whether the grouping handles tags itself. If this is set to `false`,
+    /// realization will transparently take care of tags and they will not
+    /// be visible to `finish`.
+    tags: bool,
+    /// Defines which kinds of elements start and make up this kind of grouping.
+    trigger: fn(Element) -> bool,
+    /// Defines elements that may appear in the interior of the grouping, but
+    /// not at the edges.
+    inner: fn(Element) -> bool,
+    /// Defines whether styles for this kind of element interrupt the grouping.
+    interrupt: fn(Element) -> bool,
+    /// Should convert the accumulated elements in `s.sink[start..]` into
+    /// the grouped element.
+    finish: fn(Grouped) -> SourceResult<()>,
+}
+
+/// A started grouping of some elements.
+struct Grouping<'a> {
+    /// The position in `s.sink` where the group starts.
+    start: usize,
+    /// The rule used for this grouping.
+    rule: &'a GroupingRule,
+}
+
+/// The result of grouping.
+struct Grouped<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z, 's> {
+    /// The realization state.
+    s: &'s mut State<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z>,
+    /// The position in `s.sink` where the group starts.
+    start: usize,
+}
+
+/// What to do with an element when encountering it during realization.
+struct Verdict<'a> {
+    /// Whether the element is already prepared (i.e. things that should only
+    /// happen once have happened).
+    prepared: bool,
+    /// A map of styles to apply to the element.
+    map: Styles,
+    /// An optional show rule transformation to apply to the element.
+    step: Option<ShowStep<'a>>,
+}
+
+/// A show rule transformation to apply to the element.
+enum ShowStep<'a> {
+    /// A user-defined transformational show rule.
+    Recipe(&'a Recipe, RecipeIndex),
+    /// The built-in show rule.
+    Builtin,
+}
+
+/// A match of a regex show rule.
+struct RegexMatch<'a> {
+    /// The offset in the string that matched.
+    offset: usize,
+    /// The text that matched.
+    text: EcoString,
+    /// The style chain of the matching grouping.
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+    /// The index of the recipe that matched.
+    id: RecipeIndex,
+    /// The recipe that matched.
+    recipe: &'a Recipe,
+}
+
+/// State kept for space collapsing.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum SpaceState {
+    /// A following space will be collapsed.
+    Destructive,
+    /// A following space will be kept unless a destructive element follows.
+    Supportive,
+    /// A space exists at this index.
+    Space(usize),
+}
+
+impl<'a> State<'a, '_, '_, '_> {
+    /// Lifetime-extends some content.
+    fn store(&self, content: Content) -> &'a Content {
+        self.arenas.content.alloc(content)
+    }
+
+    /// Lifetime-extends some pairs.
+    ///
+    /// By using a `BumpVec` instead of a `alloc_slice_copy` we can reuse
+    /// the space if no other bump allocations have been made by the time
+    /// the `BumpVec` is dropped.
+    fn store_slice(&self, pairs: &[Pair<'a>]) -> BumpVec<'a, Pair<'a>> {
+        let mut vec = BumpVec::new_in(&self.arenas.bump);
+        vec.extend_from_slice_copy(pairs);
+        vec
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z, 's> Grouped<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z, 's> {
+    /// Accesses the grouped elements.
+    fn get(&self) -> &[Pair<'a>] {
+        &self.s.sink[self.start..]
+    }
+
+    /// Accesses the grouped elements mutably.
+    fn get_mut(&mut self) -> (&mut Vec<Pair<'a>>, usize) {
+        (&mut self.s.sink, self.start)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the grouped elements from the sink and retrieves back the state
+    /// with which resulting elements can be visited.
+    fn end(self) -> &'s mut State<'a, 'x, 'y, 'z> {
+        self.s.sink.truncate(self.start);
+        self.s
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handles an arbitrary piece of content during realization.
+fn visit<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Tags can always simply be pushed.
+    if content.is::<TagElem>() {
+        s.sink.push((content, styles));
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Transformations for math content based on the realization kind. Needs
+    // to happen before show rules.
+    if visit_math_rules(s, content, styles)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Apply show rules rules and preparation.
+    if visit_show_rules(s, content, styles)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Recurse into sequences.  Styled elements and sequences can currently also
+    // have labels, so this needs to happen before they are handled.
+    if let Some(sequence) = content.to_packed::<SequenceElem>() {
+        for elem in &sequence.children {
+            visit(s, elem, styles)?;
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Recurse into styled elements.
+    if let Some(styled) = content.to_packed::<StyledElem>() {
+        return visit_styled(s, &styled.child, Cow::Borrowed(&styled.styles), styles);
+    }
+
+    // Apply grouping --- where multiple elements are collected and then
+    // processed together (typically being transformed into one).
+    if visit_grouping_rules(s, content, styles)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Some elements are skipped based on specific circumstances.
+    if visit_filter_rules(s, content, styles)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // No further transformations to apply, so we can finally just push it to
+    // the output!
+    s.sink.push((content, styles));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// Handles special cases for math in normal content and nested equations in
+// math.
+fn visit_math_rules<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<bool> {
+    if let RealizationKind::Math = s.kind {
+        // Transparently recurse into equations nested in math, so that things
+        // like this work:
+        // ```
+        // #let my = $pi$
+        // $ my r^2 $
+        // ```
+        if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<EquationElem>() {
+            visit(s, &elem.body, styles)?;
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        // In normal realization, we apply regex show rules to consecutive
+        // textual elements via `TEXTUAL` grouping. However, in math, this is
+        // not desirable, so we just do it on a per-element basis.
+        if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
+            if let Some(m) = find_regex_match_in_str(&elem.text, styles) {
+                visit_regex_match(s, &[(content, styles)], m)?;
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Transparently wrap math-y content into equations.
+        if content.can::<dyn LayoutMath>() && !content.is::<EquationElem>() {
+            let eq = EquationElem::new(content.clone()).pack().spanned(content.span());
+            visit(s, s.store(eq), styles)?;
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+/// Tries to apply show rules to or prepare content. Returns `true` if the
+/// element was handled.
+fn visit_show_rules<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<bool> {
+    // Determines whether and how to proceed with show rule application.
+    let Some(Verdict { prepared, mut map, step }) = verdict(s.engine, content, styles)
+    else {
+        return Ok(false);
+    };
+
+    // Create a fresh copy that we can mutate.
+    let mut output = Cow::Borrowed(content);
+
+    // If the element isn't yet prepared (we're seeing it for the first time),
+    // prepare it.
+    let mut tag = None;
+    if !prepared {
+        tag = prepare(s.engine, s.locator, output.to_mut(), &mut map, styles)?;
+    }
+
+    // Apply a show rule step, if there is one.
+    if let Some(step) = step {
+        let chained = styles.chain(&map);
+        let result = match step {
+            // Apply a user-defined show rule.
+            ShowStep::Recipe(recipe, guard) => {
+                let context = Context::new(output.location(), Some(chained));
+                recipe.apply(
+                    s.engine,
+                    context.track(),
+                    output.into_owned().guarded(guard),
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Apply a built-in show rule.
+            ShowStep::Builtin => {
+                output.with::<dyn Show>().unwrap().show(s.engine, chained)
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Errors in show rules don't terminate compilation immediately. We just
+        // continue with empty content for them and show all errors together, if
+        // they remain by the end of the introspection loop.
+        //
+        // This way, we can ignore errors that only occur in earlier iterations
+        // and also show more useful errors at once.
+        output = Cow::Owned(s.engine.delay(result));
+    }
+
+    // Lifetime-extend the realized content if necessary.
+    let realized = match output {
+        Cow::Borrowed(realized) => realized,
+        Cow::Owned(realized) => s.store(realized),
+    };
+
+    // Push start tag.
+    if let Some(tag) = &tag {
+        let start_tag = TagElem::packed(tag.clone());
+        visit(s, s.store(start_tag), styles)?;
+    }
+
+    let prev_outside = s.outside;
+    s.outside &= content.is::<ContextElem>();
+    s.engine.route.increase();
+    s.engine.route.check_show_depth().at(content.span())?;
+
+    visit_styled(s, realized, Cow::Owned(map), styles)?;
+
+    s.outside = prev_outside;
+    s.engine.route.decrease();
+
+    // Push end tag.
+    if let Some(tag) = tag {
+        let end_tag = TagElem::packed(tag.with_kind(TagKind::End));
+        visit(s, s.store(end_tag), styles)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(true)
+}
+
+/// Inspects a target element and the current styles and determines how to
+/// proceed with the styling.
+fn verdict<'a>(
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    target: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> Option<Verdict<'a>> {
+    let prepared = target.is_prepared();
+    let mut map = Styles::new();
+    let mut step = None;
+
+    // Do pre-synthesis on a cloned element to be able to match on synthesized
+    // fields before real synthesis runs (during preparation). It's really
+    // unfortunate that we have to do this, but otherwise
+    // `show figure.where(kind: table)` won't work :(
+    let mut target = target;
+    let mut slot;
+    if !prepared && target.can::<dyn Synthesize>() {
+        slot = target.clone();
+        slot.with_mut::<dyn Synthesize>()
+            .unwrap()
+            .synthesize(engine, styles)
+            .ok();
+        target = &slot;
+    }
+
+    // Lazily computes the total number of recipes in the style chain. We need
+    // it to determine whether a particular show rule was already applied to the
+    // `target` previously. For this purpose, show rules are indexed from the
+    // top of the chain as the chain might grow to the bottom.
+    let depth = Lazy::new(|| styles.recipes().count());
+
+    for (r, recipe) in styles.recipes().enumerate() {
+        // We're not interested in recipes that don't match.
+        if !recipe
+            .selector()
+            .is_some_and(|selector| selector.matches(target, Some(styles)))
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Special handling for show-set rules.
+        if let Transformation::Style(transform) = recipe.transform() {
+            if !prepared {
+                map.apply(transform.clone());
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // If we already have a show step, don't look for one.
+        if step.is_some() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check whether this show rule was already applied to the target.
+        let index = RecipeIndex(*depth - r);
+        if target.is_guarded(index) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // We'll apply this recipe.
+        step = Some(ShowStep::Recipe(recipe, index));
+
+        // If we found a show rule and are already prepared, there is nothing
+        // else to do, so we can just break. If we are not yet prepared,
+        // continue searching for potential show-set styles.
+        if prepared {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we found no user-defined rule, also consider the built-in show rule.
+    if step.is_none() && target.can::<dyn Show>() {
+        step = Some(ShowStep::Builtin);
+    }
+
+    // If there's no nothing to do, there is also no verdict.
+    if step.is_none()
+        && map.is_empty()
+        && (prepared || {
+            target.label().is_none()
+                && target.location().is_none()
+                && !target.can::<dyn ShowSet>()
+                && !target.can::<dyn Locatable>()
+                && !target.can::<dyn Synthesize>()
+        })
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Verdict { prepared, map, step })
+}
+
+/// This is only executed the first time an element is visited.
+fn prepare(
+    engine: &mut Engine,
+    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
+    target: &mut Content,
+    map: &mut Styles,
+    styles: StyleChain,
+) -> SourceResult<Option<Tag>> {
+    // Generate a location for the element, which uniquely identifies it in
+    // the document. This has some overhead, so we only do it for elements
+    // that are explicitly marked as locatable and labelled elements.
+    //
+    // The element could already have a location even if it is not prepared
+    // when it stems from a query.
+    let mut key = None;
+    if target.location().is_some() {
+        key = Some(crate::utils::hash128(&target));
+    } else if target.can::<dyn Locatable>() || target.label().is_some() {
+        let hash = crate::utils::hash128(&target);
+        let location = locator.next_location(engine.introspector, hash);
+        target.set_location(location);
+        key = Some(hash);
+    }
+
+    // Apply built-in show-set rules. User-defined show-set rules are already
+    // considered in the map built while determining the verdict.
+    if let Some(show_settable) = target.with::<dyn ShowSet>() {
+        map.apply(show_settable.show_set(styles));
+    }
+
+    // If necessary, generated "synthesized" fields (which are derived from
+    // other fields or queries). Do this after show-set so that show-set styles
+    // are respected.
+    if let Some(synthesizable) = target.with_mut::<dyn Synthesize>() {
+        synthesizable.synthesize(engine, styles.chain(map))?;
+    }
+
+    // Copy style chain fields into the element itself, so that they are
+    // available in rules.
+    target.materialize(styles.chain(map));
+
+    // If the element is locatable, create a tag element to be able to find the
+    // element in the frames after layout. Do this after synthesis and
+    // materialization, so that it includes the synthesized fields. Do it before
+    // marking as prepared so that show-set rules will apply to this element
+    // when queried.
+    let tag = key.map(|key| Tag::new(target.clone(), key));
+
+    // Ensure that this preparation only runs once by marking the element as
+    // prepared.
+    target.mark_prepared();
+
+    Ok(tag)
+}
+
+/// Handles a styled element.
+fn visit_styled<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    mut local: Cow<'a, Styles>,
+    outer: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Nothing to do if the styles are actually empty.
+    if local.is_empty() {
+        return visit(s, content, outer);
+    }
+
+    // Check for document and page styles.
+    let mut pagebreak = false;
+    for style in local.iter() {
+        let Some(elem) = style.element() else { continue };
+        if elem == DocumentElem::elem() {
+            let RealizationKind::Root(info) = &mut s.kind else {
+                let span = style.span();
+                bail!(span, "document set rules are not allowed inside of containers");
+            };
+
+            info.populate(&local);
+        } else if elem == PageElem::elem() {
+            let RealizationKind::Root(_) = s.kind else {
+                let span = style.span();
+                bail!(span, "page configuration is not allowed inside of containers");
+            };
+
+            // When there are page styles, we "break free" from our show rule cage.
+            pagebreak = true;
+            s.outside = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we are not within a container or show rule, mark the styles as
+    // "outside". This will allow them to be lifted to the page level.
+    if s.outside {
+        local = Cow::Owned(local.into_owned().outside());
+    }
+
+    // Lifetime-extend the styles if necessary.
+    let outer = s.arenas.bump.alloc(outer);
+    let local = match local {
+        Cow::Borrowed(map) => map,
+        Cow::Owned(owned) => &*s.arenas.styles.alloc(owned),
+    };
+
+    // Generate a weak pagebreak if there is a page interruption. For the
+    // starting pagebreak we only want the styles before and including the
+    // interruptions, not trailing styles that happen to be in the same `Styles`
+    // list, so we trim the local styles.
+    if pagebreak {
+        let relevant = local
+            .as_slice()
+            .trim_end_matches(|style| style.element() != Some(PageElem::elem()));
+        visit(s, PagebreakElem::shared_weak(), outer.chain(relevant))?;
+    }
+
+    finish_interrupted(s, local)?;
+    visit(s, content, outer.chain(local))?;
+    finish_interrupted(s, local)?;
+
+    // Generate a weak "boundary" pagebreak at the end. In comparison to a
+    // normal weak pagebreak, the styles of this are ignored during layout, so
+    // it doesn't really matter what we use here.
+    if pagebreak {
+        visit(s, PagebreakElem::shared_boundary(), *outer)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tries to group the content in an active group or start a new one if any
+/// grouping rule matches. Returns `true` if the element was grouped.
+fn visit_grouping_rules<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<bool> {
+    let elem = content.elem();
+    let matching = s.rules.iter().find(|&rule| (rule.trigger)(elem));
+
+    // Try to continue or finish an existing grouping.
+    while let Some(active) = s.groupings.last() {
+        // Start a nested group if a rule with higher priority matches.
+        if matching.is_some_and(|rule| rule.priority > active.rule.priority) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // If the element can be added to the active grouping, do it.
+        if (active.rule.trigger)(elem) || (active.rule.inner)(elem) {
+            s.sink.push((content, styles));
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        finish_innermost_grouping(s)?;
+    }
+
+    // Start a new grouping.
+    if let Some(rule) = matching {
+        let start = s.sink.len();
+        s.groupings.push(Grouping { start, rule });
+        s.sink.push((content, styles));
+        return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+/// Some elements don't make it to the sink depending on the realization kind
+/// and current state.
+fn visit_filter_rules<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    content: &'a Content,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<bool> {
+    if content.is::<SpaceElem>() && !matches!(s.kind, RealizationKind::Math) {
+        // Outside of maths, spaces that were not collected by the paragraph
+        // grouper don't interest us.
+        return Ok(true);
+    } else if content.is::<ParbreakElem>() {
+        // Paragraph breaks are only a boundary for paragraph grouping, we don't
+        // need to store them.
+        s.may_attach = false;
+        return Ok(true);
+    } else if !s.may_attach
+        && content.to_packed::<VElem>().is_some_and(|elem| elem.attach(styles))
+    {
+        // Delete attach spacing collapses if not immediately following a
+        // paragraph.
+        return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    // Remember whether following attach spacing can survive.
+    s.may_attach = content.is::<ParElem>();
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+/// Finishes all grouping.
+fn finish(s: &mut State) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    finish_grouping_while(s, |s| !s.groupings.is_empty())?;
+
+    // In math, spaces are top-level.
+    if let RealizationKind::Math = s.kind {
+        collapse_spaces(&mut s.sink, 0);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Finishes groupings while any active group is interrupted by the styles.
+fn finish_interrupted(s: &mut State, local: &Styles) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    let mut last = None;
+    for elem in local.iter().filter_map(|style| style.element()) {
+        if last == Some(elem) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        finish_grouping_while(s, |s| {
+            s.groupings.iter().any(|grouping| (grouping.rule.interrupt)(elem))
+        })?;
+        last = Some(elem);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Finishes groupings while `f` returns `true`.
+fn finish_grouping_while<F>(s: &mut State, f: F) -> SourceResult<()>
+where
+    F: Fn(&State) -> bool,
+{
+    // Finishing of a group may result in new content and new grouping. This
+    // can, in theory, go on for a bit. To prevent it from becoming an infinite
+    // loop, we keep track of the iteration count.
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while f(s) {
+        finish_innermost_grouping(s)?;
+        i += 1;
+        if i > 512 {
+            bail!(Span::detached(), "maximum grouping depth exceeded");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Finishes the currently innermost grouping.
+fn finish_innermost_grouping(s: &mut State) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // The grouping we are interrupting.
+    let Grouping { start, rule } = s.groupings.pop().unwrap();
+
+    // Trim trailing non-trigger elements.
+    let trimmed = s.sink[start..].trim_end_matches(|(c, _)| !(rule.trigger)(c.elem()));
+    let end = start + trimmed.len();
+    let tail = s.store_slice(&s.sink[end..]);
+    s.sink.truncate(end);
+
+    // If the grouping is not interested in tags, remove and collect them.
+    let mut tags = BumpVec::<Pair>::new_in(&s.arenas.bump);
+    if !rule.tags {
+        let mut k = start;
+        for i in start..end {
+            if s.sink[i].0.is::<TagElem>() {
+                tags.push(s.sink[i]);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if k < i {
+                s.sink[k] = s.sink[i];
+            }
+            k += 1;
+        }
+        s.sink.truncate(k);
+    }
+
+    // Execute the grouping's finisher rule.
+    (rule.finish)(Grouped { s, start })?;
+
+    // Visit the tags and staged elements again.
+    for &(content, styles) in tags.iter().chain(&tail) {
+        visit(s, content, styles)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The maximum number of nested groups that are possible. Corresponds to the
+/// number of unique priority levels.
+const MAX_GROUP_NESTING: usize = 3;
+
+/// Grouping rules used in normal realizations.
+static NORMAL_RULES: &[&GroupingRule] = &[&TEXTUAL, &PAR, &CITES, &LIST, &ENUM, &TERMS];
+
+/// Grouping rules used in math realization.
+static MATH_RULES: &[&GroupingRule] = &[&CITES, &LIST, &ENUM, &TERMS];
+
+/// Groups adjacent textual elements for text show rule application.
+static TEXTUAL: GroupingRule = GroupingRule {
+    priority: 3,
+    tags: true,
+    trigger: |elem| {
+        elem == TextElem::elem()
+            || elem == LinebreakElem::elem()
+            || elem == SmartQuoteElem::elem()
+    },
+    inner: |elem| elem == SpaceElem::elem(),
+    // Any kind of style interrupts this kind of grouping since regex show
+    // rules cannot match over style changes anyway.
+    interrupt: |_| true,
+    finish: finish_textual,
+};
+
+/// Collects inline-level elements into a `ParElem`.
+static PAR: GroupingRule = GroupingRule {
+    priority: 1,
+    tags: true,
+    trigger: |elem| {
+        elem == TextElem::elem()
+            || elem == HElem::elem()
+            || elem == LinebreakElem::elem()
+            || elem == SmartQuoteElem::elem()
+            || elem == InlineElem::elem()
+            || elem == BoxElem::elem()
+    },
+    inner: |elem| elem == SpaceElem::elem(),
+    interrupt: |elem| elem == ParElem::elem() || elem == AlignElem::elem(),
+    finish: finish_par,
+};
+
+/// Collects `CiteElem`s into `CiteGroup`s.
+static CITES: GroupingRule = GroupingRule {
+    priority: 2,
+    tags: false,
+    trigger: |elem| elem == CiteElem::elem(),
+    inner: |elem| elem == SpaceElem::elem(),
+    interrupt: |elem| elem == CiteGroup::elem(),
+    finish: finish_cites,
+};
+
+/// Builds a `ListElem` from grouped `ListItems`s.
+static LIST: GroupingRule = list_like_grouping::<ListElem>();
+
+/// Builds an `EnumElem` from grouped `EnumItem`s.
+static ENUM: GroupingRule = list_like_grouping::<EnumElem>();
+
+/// Builds a `TermsElem` from grouped `TermItem`s.
+static TERMS: GroupingRule = list_like_grouping::<TermsElem>();
+
+/// Collects `ListItemLike` elements into a `ListLike` element.
+const fn list_like_grouping<T: ListLike>() -> GroupingRule {
+    GroupingRule {
+        priority: 2,
+        tags: false,
+        trigger: |elem| elem == T::Item::elem(),
+        inner: |elem| elem == SpaceElem::elem() || elem == ParbreakElem::elem(),
+        interrupt: |elem| elem == T::elem(),
+        finish: finish_list_like::<T>,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Processes grouped textual elements.
+///
+/// Specificaly, it searches for regex matches in grouped textual elements and
+/// - if there was a match, visits the results recursively,
+/// - if there was no match, tries to simply implicitly use the grouped elements
+///   as part of a paragraph grouping,
+/// - if that's not possible because another grouping is active, temporarily
+///   disables textual grouping and revisits the elements.
+fn finish_textual(Grouped { s, start }: Grouped) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Try to find a regex match in the grouped textual elements.
+    if visit_textual(s, start)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // No regex match.
+    match s.groupings.last() {
+        // Transparently apply the grouped content to an active paragraph. This
+        // is more efficient than revisiting everything. Checking the priority
+        // is a bit of a hack, but the simplest way to check which rule is
+        // active for now.
+        Some(grouping) if std::ptr::eq(grouping.rule, &PAR) => {}
+
+        // Start a new paragraph based on this textual group.
+        None => s.groupings.push(Grouping { rule: &PAR, start }),
+
+        // If a non-paragraph grouping is top-level, revisit the grouped
+        // content with the `TEXTUAL` rule disabled.
+        _ => {
+            let elems = s.store_slice(&s.sink[start..]);
+            let rules = s.rules;
+            s.sink.truncate(start);
+            s.rules = &s.rules[1..];
+            for &(content, styles) in &elems {
+                visit(s, content, styles)?;
+            }
+            s.rules = rules;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Builds the `ParElem` from inline-level elements.
+fn finish_par(mut grouped: Grouped) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Collapse unsupported spaces in-place.
+    let (sink, start) = grouped.get_mut();
+    collapse_spaces(sink, start);
+
+    // Collect the children.
+    let elems = grouped.get();
+    let span = select_span(elems);
+    let (children, trunk) = StyleVec::create(elems);
+
+    // Create and visit the paragraph.
+    let s = grouped.end();
+    let elem = ParElem::new(children).pack().spanned(span);
+    visit(s, s.store(elem), trunk)
+}
+
+/// Builds the `CiteGroup` from `CiteElem`s.
+fn finish_cites(grouped: Grouped) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Collect the children.
+    let elems = grouped.get();
+    let span = select_span(elems);
+    let trunk = elems[0].1;
+    let children = elems
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|(c, _)| c.to_packed::<CiteElem>())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+
+    // Create and visit the citation group.
+    let s = grouped.end();
+    let elem = CiteGroup::new(children).pack().spanned(span);
+    visit(s, s.store(elem), trunk)
+}
+
+/// Builds the `ListLike` element from `ListItemLike` elements.
+fn finish_list_like<T: ListLike>(grouped: Grouped) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    // Collect the children.
+    let elems = grouped.get();
+    let span = select_span(elems);
+    let tight = !elems.iter().any(|(c, _)| c.is::<ParbreakElem>());
+    let styles = elems.iter().filter(|(c, _)| c.is::<T::Item>()).map(|&(_, s)| s);
+    let trunk = StyleChain::trunk(styles).unwrap();
+    let trunk_depth = trunk.links().count();
+    let children = elems
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .filter_map(|(c, s)| {
+            let item = c.to_packed::<T::Item>()?.clone();
+            let local = s.suffix(trunk_depth);
+            Some(T::Item::styled(item, local))
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Create and visit the list.
+    let s = grouped.end();
+    let elem = T::create(children, tight).pack().spanned(span);
+    visit(s, s.store(elem), trunk)
+}
+
+/// Visit textual elements in `s.sink[start..]` and apply regex show rules to
+/// them.
+fn visit_textual(s: &mut State, start: usize) -> SourceResult<bool> {
+    // Try to find a regex match in the grouped textual elements.
+    if let Some(m) = find_regex_match_in_elems(s, &s.sink[start..]) {
+        collapse_spaces(&mut s.sink, start);
+        let elems = s.store_slice(&s.sink[start..]);
+        s.sink.truncate(start);
+        visit_regex_match(s, &elems, m)?;
+        return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+/// Finds the leftmost regex match for this style chain in the given textual
+/// elements.
+///
+/// Collects the element's merged textual representation into the bump arena.
+/// This merging also takes into account space collapsing so that we don't need
+/// to call `collapse_spaces` on every textual group, performing yet another
+/// linear pass. We only collapse the spaces elements themselves on the cold
+/// path where there is an actual match.
+fn find_regex_match_in_elems<'a>(
+    s: &State,
+    elems: &[Pair<'a>],
+) -> Option<RegexMatch<'a>> {
+    let mut buf = BumpString::new_in(&s.arenas.bump);
+    let mut base = 0;
+    let mut leftmost = None;
+    let mut current = StyleChain::default();
+    let mut space = SpaceState::Destructive;
+
+    for &(content, styles) in elems {
+        if content.is::<TagElem>() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let linebreak = content.is::<LinebreakElem>();
+        if linebreak {
+            if let SpaceState::Space(_) = space {
+                buf.pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if styles != current && !buf.is_empty() {
+            leftmost = find_regex_match_in_str(&buf, current);
+            if leftmost.is_some() {
+                break;
+            }
+            base += buf.len();
+            buf.clear();
+        }
+
+        current = styles;
+        space = if content.is::<SpaceElem>() {
+            if space != SpaceState::Supportive {
+                continue;
+            }
+            buf.push(' ');
+            SpaceState::Space(0)
+        } else if linebreak {
+            buf.push('\n');
+            SpaceState::Destructive
+        } else if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<SmartQuoteElem>() {
+            buf.push(if elem.double(styles) { '"' } else { '\'' });
+            SpaceState::Supportive
+        } else if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<TextElem>() {
+            buf.push_str(&elem.text);
+            SpaceState::Supportive
+        } else {
+            panic!("tried to find regex match in non-textual elements");
+        };
+    }
+
+    if leftmost.is_none() {
+        leftmost = find_regex_match_in_str(&buf, current);
+    }
+
+    leftmost.map(|m| RegexMatch { offset: base + m.offset, ..m })
+}
+
+/// Finds the leftmost regex match for this style chain in the given text.
+fn find_regex_match_in_str<'a>(
+    text: &str,
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
+) -> Option<RegexMatch<'a>> {
+    let mut r = 0;
+    let mut revoked = SmallBitSet::new();
+    let mut leftmost: Option<(regex::Match, RecipeIndex, &Recipe)> = None;
+
+    let depth = Lazy::new(|| styles.recipes().count());
+
+    for entry in styles.entries() {
+        let recipe = match &**entry {
+            Style::Recipe(recipe) => recipe,
+            Style::Property(_) => continue,
+            Style::Revocation(index) => {
+                revoked.insert(index.0);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+        r += 1;
+
+        let Some(Selector::Regex(regex)) = recipe.selector() else { continue };
+        let Some(m) = regex.find(text) else { continue };
+
+        // Make sure we don't get any empty matches.
+        if m.range().is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // If we already have a match that is equally or more to the left, we're
+        // not interested in this new match.
+        if leftmost.is_some_and(|(p, ..)| p.start() <= m.start()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check whether the rule is already revoked. Do it only now to not
+        // compute the depth unnecessarily. We subtract 1 from r because we
+        // already incremented it.
+        let index = RecipeIndex(*depth - (r - 1));
+        if revoked.contains(index.0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        leftmost = Some((m, index, recipe));
+    }
+
+    leftmost.map(|(m, id, recipe)| RegexMatch {
+        offset: m.start(),
+        text: m.as_str().into(),
+        id,
+        recipe,
+        styles,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Visit a match of a regular expression.
+///
+/// This first revisits all elements before the match, potentially slicing up
+/// a text element, then the transformed match, and then the remaining elements
+/// after the match.
+fn visit_regex_match<'a>(
+    s: &mut State<'a, '_, '_, '_>,
+    elems: &[Pair<'a>],
+    m: RegexMatch<'a>,
+) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    let matched = m.offset..m.offset + m.text.len();
+    let piece = TextElem::packed(m.text);
+    let context = Context::new(None, Some(m.styles));
+    let output = m.recipe.apply(s.engine, context.track(), piece)?;
+
+    let mut output = Some(output);
+    let mut cursor = 0;
+
+    for &(content, styles) in elems {
+        // Just forward tags.
+        if content.is::<TagElem>() {
+            visit(s, content, styles)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Determine the range of the element.
+        let len = content.to_packed::<TextElem>().map_or(1, |elem| elem.text.len());
+        let subrange = cursor..cursor + len;
+
+        // If the element starts before the start of match, visit it fully or
+        // sliced.
+        if subrange.start < matched.start {
+            if subrange.end <= matched.start {
+                visit(s, content, styles)?;
+            } else {
+                let mut elem = content.to_packed::<TextElem>().unwrap().clone();
+                elem.text = elem.text[..matched.start - subrange.start].into();
+                visit(s, s.store(elem.pack()), styles)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // When the match starts at or before this element ends, visit the
+        // match.
+        if matched.start <= subrange.end {
+            if let Some(output) = output.take() {
+                let revocation = Style::Revocation(m.id).into();
+                let outer = s.arenas.bump.alloc(m.styles);
+                let chained = outer.chain(s.arenas.styles.alloc(revocation));
+                visit(s, s.store(output), chained)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If the element ends after the end of the match, visit if fully or
+        // sliced.
+        if subrange.end > matched.end {
+            if subrange.start >= matched.end {
+                visit(s, content, styles)?;
+            } else {
+                let mut elem = content.to_packed::<TextElem>().unwrap().clone();
+                elem.text = elem.text[matched.end - subrange.start..].into();
+                visit(s, s.store(elem.pack()), styles)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        cursor = subrange.end;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Collapses all spaces within `buf[start..]` that are at the edges or in the
+/// vicinity of destructive elements.
+fn collapse_spaces(buf: &mut Vec<Pair>, start: usize) {
+    let mut state = SpaceState::Destructive;
+    let mut k = start;
+
+    // We do one pass over the elements, backshifting everything as necessary
+    // when a space collapses. The variable `i` is our cursor in the original
+    // elements. The variable `k` is our cursor in the result. At all times, we
+    // have `k <= i`, so we can do it in place.
+    for i in start..buf.len() {
+        let (content, styles) = buf[i];
+
+        // Determine the next state.
+        if content.is::<TagElem>() {
+            // Nothing to do.
+        } else if content.is::<SpaceElem>() {
+            if state != SpaceState::Supportive {
+                continue;
+            }
+            state = SpaceState::Space(k);
+        } else if content.is::<LinebreakElem>() {
+            destruct_space(buf, &mut k, &mut state);
+        } else if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<HElem>() {
+            if elem.amount.is_fractional() || elem.weak(styles) {
+                destruct_space(buf, &mut k, &mut state);
+            }
+        } else {
+            state = SpaceState::Supportive;
+        };
+
+        // Copy over normal elements (in place).
+        if k < i {
+            buf[k] = buf[i];
+        }
+        k += 1;
+    }
+
+    destruct_space(buf, &mut k, &mut state);
+
+    // Delete all the excess that's left due to the gaps produced by spaces.
+    buf.truncate(k);
+}
+
+/// Deletes a preceding space if any.
+fn destruct_space(buf: &mut [Pair], end: &mut usize, state: &mut SpaceState) {
+    if let SpaceState::Space(s) = *state {
+        buf.copy_within(s + 1..*end, s);
+        *end -= 1;
+    }
+    *state = SpaceState::Destructive;
+}
+
+/// Finds the first non-detached span in the list.
+fn select_span(children: &[Pair]) -> Span {
+    children
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(c, _)| c.span())
+        .find(|span| !span.is_detached())
+        .unwrap_or(Span::detached())
+}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/arenas.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/arenas.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 61b198589..000000000
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/arenas.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-use typed_arena::Arena;
-
-use crate::foundations::{Content, StyleChain, Styles};
-
-/// Temporary storage arenas for building.
-#[derive(Default)]
-pub struct Arenas<'a> {
-    chains: Arena<StyleChain<'a>>,
-    content: Arena<Content>,
-    styles: Arena<Styles>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Arenas<'a> {
-    /// Store a value in the matching arena.
-    pub fn store<T: Store<'a>>(&'a self, val: T) -> &'a T {
-        val.store(self)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implemented by storable types.
-pub trait Store<'a> {
-    fn store(self, arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>) -> &'a Self;
-}
-
-impl<'a> Store<'a> for Content {
-    fn store(self, arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>) -> &'a Self {
-        arenas.content.alloc(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Store<'a> for StyleChain<'a> {
-    fn store(self, arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>) -> &'a Self {
-        arenas.chains.alloc(self)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Store<'a> for Styles {
-    fn store(self, arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>) -> &'a Self {
-        arenas.styles.alloc(self)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/behaviour.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/behaviour.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 15a0a2848..000000000
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/behaviour.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-//! Element interaction.
-
-use crate::foundations::{Content, StyleChain};
-
-/// How an element interacts with other elements in a stream.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
-pub enum Behaviour {
-    /// A weak element which only survives when a supportive element is before
-    /// and after it. Furthermore, per consecutive run of weak elements, only
-    /// one survives: The one with the lowest weakness level (or the larger one
-    /// if there is a tie).
-    Weak(usize),
-    /// An element that enables adjacent weak elements to exist. The default.
-    Supportive,
-    /// An element that destroys adjacent weak elements.
-    Destructive,
-    /// An element that does not interact at all with other elements, having the
-    /// same effect on them as if it didn't exist.
-    Ignorant,
-}
-
-impl Behaviour {
-    /// Whether this of `Weak(_)` variant.
-    pub fn is_weak(self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Self::Weak(_))
-    }
-}
-
-/// How the element interacts with other elements.
-pub trait Behave {
-    /// The element's interaction behaviour.
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour;
-
-    /// Whether this weak element is larger than a previous one and thus picked
-    /// as the maximum when the levels are the same.
-    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-    fn larger(&self, prev: &(&Content, StyleChain), styles: StyleChain) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
-}
-
-/// Processes a sequence of content and resolves behaviour interactions between
-/// them and separates local styles for each element from the shared trunk of
-/// styles.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct BehavedBuilder<'a> {
-    /// The collected content with its styles.
-    buf: Vec<(&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>)>,
-    /// What the last non-ignorant, visible item was.
-    last: Behaviour,
-}
-
-impl<'a> BehavedBuilder<'a> {
-    /// Create a new style-vec builder.
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { buf: vec![], last: Behaviour::Destructive }
-    }
-
-    /// Whether the builder is totally empty.
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.buf.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    /// Push an item into the builder.
-    pub fn push(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) {
-        let mut behaviour = content.behaviour();
-        match behaviour {
-            Behaviour::Supportive => {}
-            Behaviour::Weak(level) => match self.last {
-                // Remove either this or the preceding weak item.
-                Behaviour::Weak(prev_level) => {
-                    if level > prev_level {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    let i = self.find_last_weak().unwrap();
-                    if level == prev_level
-                        && !content
-                            .with::<dyn Behave>()
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .larger(&self.buf[i], styles)
-                    {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    self.buf.remove(i);
-                }
-                Behaviour::Destructive => return,
-                _ => {}
-            },
-            Behaviour::Destructive => {
-                // Remove preceding weak item.
-                if self.last.is_weak() {
-                    let i = self.find_last_weak().unwrap();
-                    self.buf.remove(i);
-                }
-            }
-            Behaviour::Ignorant => {
-                behaviour = self.last;
-            }
-        }
-
-        self.last = behaviour;
-        self.buf.push((content, styles));
-    }
-
-    /// Iterate over the content that has been pushed so far.
-    pub fn items(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Content> + '_ {
-        self.buf.iter().map(|&(c, _)| c)
-    }
-
-    /// Return the built content (possibly styled with local styles) plus a
-    /// trunk style chain and a span for the collection.
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Vec<(&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>)> {
-        self.trim_weak();
-        self.buf
-    }
-
-    /// Trim a possibly remaining weak item.
-    fn trim_weak(&mut self) {
-        if self.last.is_weak() {
-            let i = self.find_last_weak().unwrap();
-            self.buf.remove(i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Get the position of the right most weak item.
-    fn find_last_weak(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.buf.iter().rposition(|(c, _)| c.behaviour().is_weak())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> Default for BehavedBuilder<'a> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29dd1e409..000000000
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,567 +0,0 @@
-//! Realization of content.
-//!
-//! *Realization* is the process of recursively applying styling and, in
-//! particular, show rules to produce well-known elements that can be laid out.
-
-mod arenas;
-mod behaviour;
-mod process;
-
-use once_cell::unsync::Lazy;
-
-pub use self::arenas::Arenas;
-pub use self::behaviour::{Behave, BehavedBuilder, Behaviour};
-pub use self::process::process;
-
-use std::mem;
-
-use crate::diag::{bail, At, SourceResult};
-use crate::engine::Engine;
-use crate::foundations::{
-    Content, ContextElem, NativeElement, Packed, SequenceElem, Smart, StyleChain,
-    StyleVec, StyledElem, Styles,
-};
-use crate::introspection::{SplitLocator, TagElem, TagKind};
-use crate::layout::{
-    AlignElem, BlockElem, BoxElem, ColbreakElem, FlushElem, HElem, InlineElem, PageElem,
-    PagebreakElem, PlaceElem, VElem,
-};
-use crate::math::{EquationElem, LayoutMath};
-use crate::model::{
-    CiteElem, CiteGroup, DocumentElem, DocumentInfo, EnumElem, EnumItem, ListElem,
-    ListItem, ParElem, ParbreakElem, TermItem, TermsElem,
-};
-use crate::syntax::Span;
-use crate::text::{LinebreakElem, SmartQuoteElem, SpaceElem, TextElem};
-use crate::utils::SliceExt;
-
-/// A pair of content and a style chain that applies to it.
-pub type Pair<'a> = (&'a Content, StyleChain<'a>);
-
-/// Realize content into a flat list of well-known, styled items.
-#[typst_macros::time(name = "realize")]
-pub fn realize<'a>(
-    engine: &mut Engine<'a>,
-    locator: &mut SplitLocator<'a>,
-    arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
-    doc_info: Option<&mut DocumentInfo>,
-    content: &'a Content,
-    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> SourceResult<Vec<Pair<'a>>> {
-    let mut builder = Builder::new(engine, locator, arenas, doc_info);
-    builder.accept(content, styles)?;
-    builder.interrupt_par()?;
-    Ok(builder.sink.finish())
-}
-
-/// Realizes content into a flat list of well-known, styled elements.
-struct Builder<'a, 'v> {
-    /// The engine.
-    engine: &'v mut Engine<'a>,
-    /// Assigns unique locations to elements.
-    locator: &'v mut SplitLocator<'a>,
-    /// Scratch arenas for building.
-    arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
-
-    /// Document metadata we have collected from `set document` rules. If this
-    /// is `None`, we are in a container.
-    doc_info: Option<&'v mut DocumentInfo>,
-    /// The output elements of well-known types collected by the builder.
-    sink: BehavedBuilder<'a>,
-
-    /// A builder for a paragraph that might be under construction.
-    par: ParBuilder<'a>,
-    /// A builder for a list that might be under construction.
-    list: ListBuilder<'a>,
-    /// A builder for a citation group that might be under construction.
-    cites: CiteGroupBuilder<'a>,
-
-    /// Whether we are currently not within any container or show rule output.
-    /// This is used to determine page styles during layout.
-    outside: bool,
-    /// Whether the last item that we visited was a paragraph (with no parbreak
-    /// in between). This is used for attach spacing.
-    last_was_par: bool,
-}
-
-impl<'a, 'v> Builder<'a, 'v> {
-    /// Creates a new builder.
-    fn new(
-        engine: &'v mut Engine<'a>,
-        locator: &'v mut SplitLocator<'a>,
-        arenas: &'a Arenas<'a>,
-        doc_info: Option<&'v mut DocumentInfo>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let outside = doc_info.is_some();
-        Self {
-            engine,
-            locator,
-            arenas,
-            doc_info,
-            sink: BehavedBuilder::default(),
-            par: ParBuilder::default(),
-            list: ListBuilder::default(),
-            cites: CiteGroupBuilder::default(),
-            outside,
-            last_was_par: false,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Adds a piece of content to this builder.
-    fn accept(
-        &mut self,
-        mut content: &'a Content,
-        styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        // Implicitly wrap math content in an equation if needed
-        if content.can::<dyn LayoutMath>() && !content.is::<EquationElem>() {
-            content = self
-                .arenas
-                .store(EquationElem::new(content.clone()).pack().spanned(content.span()));
-        }
-
-        // Styled elements and sequences can (at least currently) also have
-        // labels, so this needs to happen before they are handled.
-        if let Some((tag, realized)) =
-            process(self.engine, self.locator, content, styles)?
-        {
-            self.engine.route.increase();
-            self.engine.route.check_show_depth().at(content.span())?;
-
-            if let Some(tag) = &tag {
-                self.accept(self.arenas.store(TagElem::packed(tag.clone())), styles)?;
-            }
-
-            let prev_outside = self.outside;
-            self.outside &= content.is::<ContextElem>();
-            self.accept(self.arenas.store(realized), styles)?;
-            self.outside = prev_outside;
-
-            if let Some(tag) = tag {
-                let end = tag.with_kind(TagKind::End);
-                self.accept(self.arenas.store(TagElem::packed(end)), styles)?;
-            }
-
-            self.engine.route.decrease();
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if let Some(styled) = content.to_packed::<StyledElem>() {
-            return self.styled(styled, styles);
-        }
-
-        if let Some(sequence) = content.to_packed::<SequenceElem>() {
-            for elem in &sequence.children {
-                self.accept(elem, styles)?;
-            }
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        // Try to merge `content` with an element under construction
-        // (cite group, list, or par).
-
-        if self.cites.accept(content, styles) {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        self.interrupt_cites()?;
-
-        if self.list.accept(content, styles) {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        self.interrupt_list()?;
-
-        // Try again because it could be another kind of list.
-        if self.list.accept(content, styles) {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        if self.par.accept(content, styles) {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        self.interrupt_par()?;
-
-        self.save(content, styles)
-    }
-
-    /// Tries to save a piece of content into the sink.
-    fn save(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let last_was_par = std::mem::replace(&mut self.last_was_par, false);
-        let par_spacing = Lazy::new(|| {
-            self.arenas
-                .store(VElem::par_spacing(ParElem::spacing_in(styles).into()).pack())
-        });
-
-        if content.is::<TagElem>()
-            || content.is::<PlaceElem>()
-            || content.is::<FlushElem>()
-            || content.is::<ColbreakElem>()
-        {
-            self.sink.push(content, styles);
-        } else if content.is::<PagebreakElem>() {
-            if self.doc_info.is_none() {
-                bail!(content.span(), "pagebreaks are not allowed inside of containers");
-            }
-            self.sink.push(content, styles);
-        } else if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<VElem>() {
-            if !elem.attach(styles) || last_was_par {
-                self.sink.push(content, styles);
-            }
-        } else if content.is::<ParbreakElem>() {
-            // It's only a boundary, so we can ignore it.
-        } else if content.is::<ParElem>() {
-            self.sink.push(*par_spacing, styles);
-            self.sink.push(content, styles);
-            self.sink.push(*par_spacing, styles);
-            self.last_was_par = true;
-        } else if let Some(elem) = content.to_packed::<BlockElem>() {
-            let above = match elem.above(styles) {
-                Smart::Auto => *par_spacing,
-                Smart::Custom(above) => {
-                    self.arenas.store(VElem::block_spacing(above).pack())
-                }
-            };
-
-            let below = match elem.below(styles) {
-                Smart::Auto => *par_spacing,
-                Smart::Custom(below) => {
-                    self.arenas.store(VElem::block_spacing(below).pack())
-                }
-            };
-
-            self.sink.push(above, styles);
-            self.sink.push(content, styles);
-            self.sink.push(below, styles);
-        } else {
-            bail!(content.span(), "{} is not allowed here", content.func().name());
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Handles a styled element.
-    fn styled(
-        &mut self,
-        styled: &'a StyledElem,
-        styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        if let Some(span) = styled.styles.interruption::<DocumentElem>() {
-            let Some(info) = &mut self.doc_info else {
-                bail!(span, "document set rules are not allowed inside of containers");
-            };
-            info.populate(&styled.styles);
-        }
-
-        let page_interruption = styled.styles.interruption::<PageElem>();
-        if let Some(span) = page_interruption {
-            if self.doc_info.is_none() {
-                bail!(span, "page configuration is not allowed inside of containers");
-            }
-
-            // When there are page styles, we "break free" from our show rule
-            // cage.
-            self.outside = true;
-        }
-
-        // If we are not within a container or show rule, mark the styles as
-        // "outside". This will allow them to be lifted to the page level.
-        let outer = self.arenas.store(styles);
-        let local = if self.outside {
-            self.arenas.store(styled.styles.clone().outside())
-        } else {
-            &styled.styles
-        };
-
-        if page_interruption.is_some() {
-            // For the starting pagebreak we only want the styles before and
-            // including the interruptions, not trailing styles that happen to
-            // be in the same `Styles` list.
-            let relevant = local
-                .as_slice()
-                .trim_end_matches(|style| style.interruption::<PageElem>().is_none());
-            self.accept(PagebreakElem::shared_weak(), outer.chain(relevant))?;
-        }
-
-        self.interrupt_styles(local)?;
-        self.accept(&styled.child, outer.chain(local))?;
-        self.interrupt_styles(local)?;
-
-        if page_interruption.is_some() {
-            // For the ending pagebreak, the styles don't really matter because
-            // the styles of a "boundary" pagebreak are ignored during layout.
-            self.accept(PagebreakElem::shared_boundary(), *outer)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Inspects the styles and dispatches to the different interruption
-    /// handlers.
-    fn interrupt_styles(&mut self, local: &Styles) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        if local.interruption::<ParElem>().is_some()
-            || local.interruption::<AlignElem>().is_some()
-        {
-            self.interrupt_par()?;
-        } else if local.interruption::<ListElem>().is_some()
-            || local.interruption::<EnumElem>().is_some()
-            || local.interruption::<TermsElem>().is_some()
-        {
-            self.interrupt_list()?;
-        } else if local.interruption::<CiteElem>().is_some() {
-            self.interrupt_cites()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Interrupts paragraph building and adds the resulting paragraph element
-    /// to the builder.
-    fn interrupt_par(&mut self) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.interrupt_list()?;
-        if !self.par.0.is_empty() {
-            mem::take(&mut self.par).finish(self)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Interrupts list building and adds the resulting list element to the
-    /// builder.
-    fn interrupt_list(&mut self) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        self.interrupt_cites()?;
-        if !self.list.0.is_empty() {
-            mem::take(&mut self.list).finish(self)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Interrupts citation grouping and adds the resulting citation group to
-    /// the builder.
-    fn interrupt_cites(&mut self) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        if !self.cites.0.is_empty() {
-            mem::take(&mut self.cites).finish(self)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Builds a [paragraph][ParElem] from paragraph content.
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct ParBuilder<'a>(BehavedBuilder<'a>);
-
-impl<'a> ParBuilder<'a> {
-    /// Tries to accept a piece of content.
-    ///
-    /// Returns true if this content could be merged into the paragraph. If this
-    /// function returns false, then the content could not be merged, and
-    /// paragraph building should be interrupted so that the content can be
-    /// added elsewhere.
-    fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
-        if Self::is_primary(content) || (!self.0.is_empty() && Self::is_inner(content)) {
-            self.0.push(content, styles);
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        false
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content is of interest to the builder.
-    fn is_primary(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<SpaceElem>()
-            || content.is::<TextElem>()
-            || content.is::<HElem>()
-            || content.is::<LinebreakElem>()
-            || content.is::<SmartQuoteElem>()
-            || content.is::<InlineElem>()
-            || content.is::<BoxElem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content can merely exist in between interesting items.
-    fn is_inner(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<TagElem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Turns this builder into the resulting list, along with
-    /// its [style chain][StyleChain].
-    fn finish(self, builder: &mut Builder<'a, '_>) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let buf = self.0.finish();
-        let trimmed = buf.trim_end_matches(|(c, _)| c.is::<TagElem>());
-        let staged = &buf[trimmed.len()..];
-
-        let span = first_span(trimmed);
-        let (children, trunk) = StyleVec::create(trimmed);
-        let elem = Packed::new(ParElem::new(children)).spanned(span);
-        builder.accept(builder.arenas.store(elem.pack()), trunk)?;
-
-        for &(tag, styles) in staged {
-            builder.accept(tag, styles)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Builds a list (either [`ListElem`], [`EnumElem`], or [`TermsElem`]) from
-/// list or enum items, spaces, and paragraph breaks.
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct ListBuilder<'a>(Vec<Pair<'a>>);
-
-impl<'a> ListBuilder<'a> {
-    /// Tries to accept a piece of content.
-    ///
-    /// Returns true if this content could be merged into the list. If this
-    /// function returns false, then the content could not be merged, and list
-    /// building should be interrupted so that the content can be added
-    /// elsewhere.
-    fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
-        if (Self::is_primary(content) && self.is_compatible(content))
-            || (!self.0.is_empty() && Self::is_inner(content))
-        {
-            self.0.push((content, styles));
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        false
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content is of interest to the builder.
-    fn is_primary(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<ListItem>() || content.is::<EnumItem>() || content.is::<TermItem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content can merely exist in between interesting items.
-    fn is_inner(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<TagElem>()
-            || content.is::<SpaceElem>()
-            || content.is::<ParbreakElem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this kind of list items is compatible with the builder's type.
-    fn is_compatible(&self, content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        self.0
-            .first()
-            .map_or(true, |(first, _)| first.func() == content.func())
-    }
-
-    /// Turns this builder into the resulting list, along with
-    /// its [style chain][StyleChain].
-    fn finish(self, builder: &mut Builder<'a, '_>) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let trimmed = self.0.trim_end_matches(|(c, _)| Self::is_inner(c));
-        let tags = trimmed.iter().filter(|(c, _)| c.is::<TagElem>());
-        let staged = &self.0[trimmed.len()..];
-        let items = trimmed.iter().copied().filter(|(c, _)| Self::is_primary(c));
-        let first = items.clone().next().unwrap().0;
-        let tight = !trimmed.iter().any(|(c, _)| c.is::<ParbreakElem>());
-
-        // Determine the styles that are shared by all items. These will be
-        // used for the list itself.
-        let trunk = StyleChain::trunk(items.clone().map(|(_, s)| s)).unwrap();
-        let depth = trunk.links().count();
-
-        // Builder the correct element.
-        let iter = items.map(|(c, s)| (c, s.suffix(depth)));
-        let elem = if first.is::<ListItem>() {
-            let children = iter
-                .map(|(item, local)| {
-                    item.to_packed::<ListItem>().unwrap().clone().styled(local)
-                })
-                .collect();
-            ListElem::new(children).with_tight(tight).pack()
-        } else if first.is::<EnumItem>() {
-            let children = iter
-                .map(|(item, local)| {
-                    item.to_packed::<EnumItem>().unwrap().clone().styled(local)
-                })
-                .collect();
-            EnumElem::new(children).with_tight(tight).pack()
-        } else if first.is::<TermItem>() {
-            let children = iter
-                .map(|(item, local)| {
-                    item.to_packed::<TermItem>().unwrap().clone().styled(local)
-                })
-                .collect();
-            TermsElem::new(children).with_tight(tight).pack()
-        } else {
-            unreachable!()
-        };
-
-        // Add the list to the builder.
-        let span = first_span(&self.0);
-        let stored = builder.arenas.store(elem.spanned(span));
-        builder.accept(stored, trunk)?;
-
-        // Add the tags and staged elements to the builder.
-        for &(content, styles) in tags.chain(staged) {
-            builder.accept(content, styles)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Builds a [citation group][CiteGroup] from citations.
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct CiteGroupBuilder<'a>(Vec<Pair<'a>>);
-
-impl<'a> CiteGroupBuilder<'a> {
-    /// Tries to accept a piece of content.
-    ///
-    /// Returns true if this content could be merged into the citation group. If
-    /// this function returns false, then the content could not be merged, and
-    /// citation grouping should be interrupted so that the content can be added
-    /// elsewhere.
-    fn accept(&mut self, content: &'a Content, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> bool {
-        if Self::is_primary(content) || (!self.0.is_empty() && Self::is_inner(content)) {
-            self.0.push((content, styles));
-            return true;
-        }
-
-        false
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content is of interest to the builder.
-    fn is_primary(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<CiteElem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this content can merely exist in between interesting items.
-    fn is_inner(content: &'a Content) -> bool {
-        content.is::<TagElem>() || content.is::<SpaceElem>()
-    }
-
-    /// Turns this builder into the resulting citation group, along with
-    /// its [style chain][StyleChain].
-    fn finish(self, builder: &mut Builder<'a, '_>) -> SourceResult<()> {
-        let trimmed = self.0.trim_end_matches(|(c, _)| Self::is_inner(c));
-        let tags = trimmed.iter().filter(|(c, _)| c.is::<TagElem>());
-        let staged = &self.0[trimmed.len()..];
-        let trunk = trimmed[0].1;
-        let children = trimmed
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|(c, _)| c.to_packed::<CiteElem>())
-            .cloned()
-            .collect();
-
-        // Add the citation group to the builder.
-        let span = first_span(&self.0);
-        let elem = CiteGroup::new(children).pack();
-        let stored = builder.arenas.store(elem.spanned(span));
-        builder.accept(stored, trunk)?;
-
-        // Add the tags and staged elements to the builder.
-        for &(content, styles) in tags.chain(staged) {
-            builder.accept(content, styles)?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Determine a span for the built collection.
-pub fn first_span(children: &[(&Content, StyleChain)]) -> Span {
-    children
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(c, _)| c.span())
-        .find(|span| !span.is_detached())
-        .unwrap_or(Span::detached())
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs b/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 83c2dd4dd..000000000
--- a/crates/typst/src/realize/process.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,312 +0,0 @@
-use std::cell::OnceCell;
-
-use comemo::{Track, Tracked};
-
-use crate::diag::SourceResult;
-use crate::engine::Engine;
-use crate::foundations::{
-    Content, Context, Packed, Recipe, RecipeIndex, Regex, Selector, Show, ShowSet, Style,
-    StyleChain, Styles, Synthesize, Transformation,
-};
-use crate::introspection::{Locatable, SplitLocator, Tag};
-use crate::text::TextElem;
-use crate::utils::SmallBitSet;
-
-/// What to do with an element when encountering it during realization.
-struct Verdict<'a> {
-    /// Whether the element is already prepared (i.e. things that should only
-    /// happen once have happened).
-    prepared: bool,
-    /// A map of styles to apply to the element.
-    map: Styles,
-    /// An optional show rule transformation to apply to the element.
-    step: Option<ShowStep<'a>>,
-}
-
-/// An optional show rule transformation to apply to the element.
-enum ShowStep<'a> {
-    /// A user-defined transformational show rule.
-    Recipe(&'a Recipe, RecipeIndex),
-    /// The built-in show rule.
-    Builtin,
-}
-
-/// Processes the given `target` element when encountering it during realization.
-pub fn process(
-    engine: &mut Engine,
-    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
-    target: &Content,
-    styles: StyleChain,
-) -> SourceResult<Option<(Option<Tag>, Content)>> {
-    let Some(Verdict { prepared, mut map, step }) = verdict(engine, target, styles)
-    else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-
-    // Create a fresh copy that we can mutate.
-    let mut target = target.clone();
-
-    // If the element isn't yet prepared (we're seeing it for the first time),
-    // prepare it.
-    let mut tag = None;
-    if !prepared {
-        tag = prepare(engine, locator, &mut target, &mut map, styles)?;
-    }
-
-    // Apply a step, if there is one.
-    let output = match step {
-        Some(step) => {
-            // Errors in show rules don't terminate compilation immediately. We
-            // just continue with empty content for them and show all errors
-            // together, if they remain by the end of the introspection loop.
-            //
-            // This way, we can ignore errors that only occur in earlier
-            // iterations and also show more useful errors at once.
-            engine.delay(|engine| show(engine, target, step, styles.chain(&map)))
-        }
-        None => target,
-    };
-
-    Ok(Some((tag, output.styled_with_map(map))))
-}
-
-/// Inspects a target element and the current styles and determines how to
-/// proceed with the styling.
-fn verdict<'a>(
-    engine: &mut Engine,
-    target: &'a Content,
-    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
-) -> Option<Verdict<'a>> {
-    let mut target = target;
-    let mut map = Styles::new();
-    let mut revoked = SmallBitSet::new();
-    let mut step = None;
-    let mut slot;
-
-    let depth = OnceCell::new();
-    let prepared = target.is_prepared();
-
-    // Do pre-synthesis on a cloned element to be able to match on synthesized
-    // fields before real synthesis runs (during preparation). It's really
-    // unfortunate that we have to do this, but otherwise
-    // `show figure.where(kind: table)` won't work :(
-    if !prepared && target.can::<dyn Synthesize>() {
-        slot = target.clone();
-        slot.with_mut::<dyn Synthesize>()
-            .unwrap()
-            .synthesize(engine, styles)
-            .ok();
-        target = &slot;
-    }
-
-    let mut r = 0;
-    for entry in styles.entries() {
-        let recipe = match &**entry {
-            Style::Recipe(recipe) => recipe,
-            Style::Property(_) => continue,
-            Style::Revocation(index) => {
-                revoked.insert(index.0);
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
-
-        // We're not interested in recipes that don't match.
-        if !recipe.applicable(target, styles) {
-            r += 1;
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Special handling for show-set rules. Exception: Regex show rules,
-        // those need to be handled like normal transformations.
-        if let (Transformation::Style(transform), false) =
-            (recipe.transform(), matches!(recipe.selector(), Some(Selector::Regex(_))))
-        {
-            // If this is a show-set for an unprepared element, we need to apply
-            // it.
-            if !prepared {
-                map.apply(transform.clone());
-            }
-        } else if step.is_none() {
-            // Lazily compute the total number of recipes in the style chain. We
-            // need it to determine whether a particular show rule was already
-            // applied to the `target` previously. For this purpose, show rules
-            // are indexed from the top of the chain as the chain might grow to
-            // the bottom.
-            let depth = *depth.get_or_init(|| {
-                styles.entries().filter_map(|style| style.recipe()).count()
-            });
-            let index = RecipeIndex(depth - r);
-
-            if !target.is_guarded(index) && !revoked.contains(index.0) {
-                // If we find a matching, unguarded replacement show rule,
-                // remember it, but still continue searching for potential
-                // show-set styles that might change the verdict.
-                step = Some(ShowStep::Recipe(recipe, index));
-
-                // If we found a show rule and are already prepared, there is
-                // nothing else to do, so we can just break.
-                if prepared {
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        r += 1;
-    }
-
-    // If we found no user-defined rule, also consider the built-in show rule.
-    if step.is_none() && target.can::<dyn Show>() {
-        step = Some(ShowStep::Builtin);
-    }
-
-    // If there's no nothing to do, there is also no verdict.
-    if step.is_none()
-        && map.is_empty()
-        && (prepared || {
-            target.label().is_none()
-                && target.location().is_none()
-                && !target.can::<dyn ShowSet>()
-                && !target.can::<dyn Locatable>()
-                && !target.can::<dyn Synthesize>()
-        })
-    {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    Some(Verdict { prepared, map, step })
-}
-
-/// This is only executed the first time an element is visited.
-fn prepare(
-    engine: &mut Engine,
-    locator: &mut SplitLocator,
-    target: &mut Content,
-    map: &mut Styles,
-    styles: StyleChain,
-) -> SourceResult<Option<Tag>> {
-    // Generate a location for the element, which uniquely identifies it in
-    // the document. This has some overhead, so we only do it for elements
-    // that are explicitly marked as locatable and labelled elements.
-    //
-    // The element could already have a location even if it is not prepared
-    // when it stems from a query.
-    let mut key = None;
-    if target.location().is_some() {
-        key = Some(crate::utils::hash128(&target));
-    } else if target.can::<dyn Locatable>() || target.label().is_some() {
-        let hash = crate::utils::hash128(&target);
-        let location = locator.next_location(engine.introspector, hash);
-        target.set_location(location);
-        key = Some(hash);
-    }
-
-    // Apply built-in show-set rules. User-defined show-set rules are already
-    // considered in the map built while determining the verdict.
-    if let Some(show_settable) = target.with::<dyn ShowSet>() {
-        map.apply(show_settable.show_set(styles));
-    }
-
-    // If necessary, generated "synthesized" fields (which are derived from
-    // other fields or queries). Do this after show-set so that show-set styles
-    // are respected.
-    if let Some(synthesizable) = target.with_mut::<dyn Synthesize>() {
-        synthesizable.synthesize(engine, styles.chain(map))?;
-    }
-
-    // Copy style chain fields into the element itself, so that they are
-    // available in rules.
-    target.materialize(styles.chain(map));
-
-    // If the element is locatable, create a tag element to be able to find the
-    // element in the frames after layout. Do this after synthesis and
-    // materialization, so that it includes the synthesized fields. Do it before
-    // marking as prepared so that show-set rules will apply to this element
-    // when queried.
-    let tag = key.map(|key| Tag::new(target.clone(), key));
-
-    // Ensure that this preparation only runs once by marking the element as
-    // prepared.
-    target.mark_prepared();
-
-    Ok(tag)
-}
-
-/// Apply a step.
-fn show(
-    engine: &mut Engine,
-    target: Content,
-    step: ShowStep,
-    styles: StyleChain,
-) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-    match step {
-        // Apply a user-defined show rule.
-        ShowStep::Recipe(recipe, guard) => {
-            let context = Context::new(target.location(), Some(styles));
-            match recipe.selector() {
-                // If the selector is a regex, the `target` is guaranteed to be a
-                // text element. This invokes special regex handling.
-                Some(Selector::Regex(regex)) => {
-                    let text = target.into_packed::<TextElem>().unwrap();
-                    show_regex(engine, &text, regex, recipe, guard, context.track())
-                }
-
-                // Just apply the recipe.
-                _ => recipe.apply(engine, context.track(), target.guarded(guard)),
-            }
-        }
-
-        // If the verdict picks this step, the `target` is guaranteed to have a
-        // built-in show rule.
-        ShowStep::Builtin => target.with::<dyn Show>().unwrap().show(engine, styles),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Apply a regex show rule recipe to a target.
-fn show_regex(
-    engine: &mut Engine,
-    target: &Packed<TextElem>,
-    regex: &Regex,
-    recipe: &Recipe,
-    index: RecipeIndex,
-    context: Tracked<Context>,
-) -> SourceResult<Content> {
-    let make = |s: &str| {
-        let mut fresh = target.clone();
-        fresh.push_text(s.into());
-        fresh.pack()
-    };
-
-    let mut result = vec![];
-    let mut cursor = 0;
-
-    let text = target.text();
-
-    for m in regex.find_iter(target.text()) {
-        let start = m.start();
-        if cursor < start {
-            result.push(make(&text[cursor..start]));
-        }
-
-        let piece = make(m.as_str());
-        let transformed = recipe.apply(engine, context, piece)?;
-        result.push(transformed);
-        cursor = m.end();
-    }
-
-    if cursor < text.len() {
-        result.push(make(&text[cursor..]));
-    }
-
-    // In contrast to normal elements, which are guarded individually, for text
-    // show rules, we fully revoke the rule. This means that we can replace text
-    // with other text that rematches without running into infinite recursion
-    // problems.
-    //
-    // We do _not_ do this for all content because revoking e.g. a list show
-    // rule for all content resulting from that rule would be wrong: The list
-    // might contain nested lists. Moreover, replacing a normal element with one
-    // that rematches is bad practice: It can for instance also lead to
-    // surprising query results, so it's better to let the user deal with it.
-    // All these problems don't exist for text, so it's fine here.
-    Ok(Content::sequence(result).styled(Style::Revocation(index)))
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/text/linebreak.rs b/crates/typst/src/text/linebreak.rs
index ea54da98b..f32b9223e 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/text/linebreak.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/text/linebreak.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::foundations::{elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed};
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
+use crate::foundations::{elem, Content, NativeElement};
 use crate::utils::singleton;
 
 /// Inserts a line break.
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::utils::singleton;
 /// This function also has dedicated syntax: To insert a line break, simply write
 /// a backslash followed by whitespace. This always creates an unjustified
 /// break.
-#[elem(title = "Line Break", Behave)]
+#[elem(title = "Line Break")]
 pub struct LinebreakElem {
     /// Whether to justify the line before the break.
     ///
@@ -44,9 +43,3 @@ impl LinebreakElem {
         singleton!(Content, LinebreakElem::new().pack())
     }
 }
-
-impl Behave for Packed<LinebreakElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Destructive
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/text/raw.rs b/crates/typst/src/text/raw.rs
index 8132688ac..b949dce33 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/text/raw.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/text/raw.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ use crate::layout::{BlockChild, BlockElem, Em, HAlignment};
 use crate::model::{Figurable, ParElem};
 use crate::syntax::{split_newlines, LinkedNode, Span, Spanned};
 use crate::text::{
-    FontFamily, FontList, Hyphenate, LinebreakElem, LocalName, SmartQuoteElem, TextElem,
-    TextSize,
+    FontFamily, FontList, Hyphenate, LinebreakElem, LocalName, TextElem, TextSize,
 };
 use crate::visualize::Color;
 use crate::{syntax, World};
@@ -468,7 +467,6 @@ impl ShowSet for Packed<RawElem> {
         out.set(TextElem::set_hyphenate(Hyphenate(Smart::Custom(false))));
         out.set(TextElem::set_size(TextSize(Em::new(0.8).into())));
         out.set(TextElem::set_font(FontList(vec![FontFamily::new("DejaVu Sans Mono")])));
-        out.set(SmartQuoteElem::set_enabled(false));
         if self.block(styles) {
             out.set(ParElem::set_shrink(false));
         }
diff --git a/crates/typst/src/text/space.rs b/crates/typst/src/text/space.rs
index b2afdc355..2ebc3b337 100644
--- a/crates/typst/src/text/space.rs
+++ b/crates/typst/src/text/space.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ use ecow::EcoString;
 use crate::foundations::{
     elem, Content, NativeElement, Packed, PlainText, Repr, Unlabellable,
 };
-use crate::realize::{Behave, Behaviour};
 use crate::utils::singleton;
 
 /// A text space.
-#[elem(Behave, Unlabellable, PlainText, Repr)]
+#[elem(Unlabellable, PlainText, Repr)]
 pub struct SpaceElem {}
 
 impl SpaceElem {
@@ -23,12 +22,6 @@ impl Repr for SpaceElem {
     }
 }
 
-impl Behave for Packed<SpaceElem> {
-    fn behaviour(&self) -> Behaviour {
-        Behaviour::Weak(2)
-    }
-}
-
 impl Unlabellable for Packed<SpaceElem> {}
 
 impl PlainText for Packed<SpaceElem> {
diff --git a/tests/ref/flow-first-region-counter-update-placed-and-line.png b/tests/ref/flow-first-region-counter-update-placed-and-line.png
index 95ca518e4..c59507835 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/flow-first-region-counter-update-placed-and-line.png and b/tests/ref/flow-first-region-counter-update-placed-and-line.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/grid-breaking-expand-vertically.png b/tests/ref/grid-breaking-expand-vertically.png
index 14434d7c4..2e1b2db25 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/grid-breaking-expand-vertically.png and b/tests/ref/grid-breaking-expand-vertically.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/label-on-text.png b/tests/ref/label-on-text.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 67fb1aa81..000000000
Binary files a/tests/ref/label-on-text.png and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/page-marginal-style-show-rule-with-set-page.png b/tests/ref/page-marginal-style-show-rule-with-set-page.png
index 138f2272d..f05c64a75 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/page-marginal-style-show-rule-with-set-page.png and b/tests/ref/page-marginal-style-show-rule-with-set-page.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-1.png b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-1.png
index 8deaaacdf..1bc95e3b9 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-1.png and b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-1.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-2.png b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-contained-2.png
index 00ea3fb83..893093702 100644
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diff --git a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-1.png b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-1.png
index 71222567b..83983b4d5 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-1.png and b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-1.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-2.png b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-2.png
index f1b658f20..83983b4d5 100644
Binary files a/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-2.png and b/tests/ref/show-set-text-order-overlapping-2.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-after-normal-show.png b/tests/ref/show-text-after-normal-show.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..517ad638b
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-after-normal-show.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-apostrophe.png b/tests/ref/show-text-apostrophe.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c3288361
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-apostrophe.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-citation-smartquote.png b/tests/ref/show-text-citation-smartquote.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3a2b5c39
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-citation-smartquote.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-citation.png b/tests/ref/show-text-citation.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a402dfe1
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-citation.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-linebreak.png b/tests/ref/show-text-linebreak.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..716eca424
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-linebreak.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-list.png b/tests/ref/show-text-list.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d04a8cf4
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-list.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-outer-space.png b/tests/ref/show-text-outer-space.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d497af83f
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-outer-space.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-smartquote.png b/tests/ref/show-text-smartquote.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a93c66c3
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-smartquote.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-space-collapsing.png b/tests/ref/show-text-space-collapsing.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5794cefe3
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-space-collapsing.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-style-boundary.png b/tests/ref/show-text-style-boundary.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39a440f2c
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-style-boundary.png differ
diff --git a/tests/ref/show-text-within-par.png b/tests/ref/show-text-within-par.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7bccc493
Binary files /dev/null and b/tests/ref/show-text-within-par.png differ
diff --git a/tests/suite/foundations/label.typ b/tests/suite/foundations/label.typ
index 4875f6970..af6d23803 100644
--- a/tests/suite/foundations/label.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/foundations/label.typ
@@ -19,15 +19,6 @@ The end.
 #let b = [*B*]
 #a <v> #b
 
---- label-on-text ---
-// Test labelled text.
-#show "t": it => {
-  set text(blue) if it.has("label") and it.label == <last>
-  it
-}
-
-This is a thing #[that <last>] happened.
-
 --- label-dynamic-show-set ---
 // Test abusing dynamic labels for styling.
 #show <red>: set text(red)
diff --git a/tests/suite/layout/flow/invisibles.typ b/tests/suite/layout/flow/invisibles.typ
index 28118cb9e..e9c2436f1 100644
--- a/tests/suite/layout/flow/invisibles.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/layout/flow/invisibles.typ
@@ -56,6 +56,6 @@ Mix-and-match all the previous tests.
   #counter("dummy").step()
   #place(dx: -0.5cm, dy: -0.75cm, box(width: 200%)[OOF])
   #line(length: 100%)
-  #place(dy: -0.8em)[OOF]
+  #place(dy: 0.2em)[OOF]
   #rect(height: 2cm, fill: gray)
 ]
diff --git a/tests/suite/layout/grid/grid.typ b/tests/suite/layout/grid/grid.typ
index 2d45095d8..d35adca53 100644
--- a/tests/suite/layout/grid/grid.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/layout/grid/grid.typ
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@
     Top
     #align(bottom)[
       Bottom \
-      Bottom \
-      #v(0pt)
+      Bottom
+
       Top
     ]
   ],
diff --git a/tests/suite/layout/place.typ b/tests/suite/layout/place.typ
index 0922800db..c29d2ddd4 100644
--- a/tests/suite/layout/place.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/layout/place.typ
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ Second
 --- place-float ---
 #set page(height: 140pt)
 #set place(clearance: 5pt)
-#lorem(6)
 #place(auto, float: true, rect[A])
 #place(auto, float: true, rect[B])
+#lorem(6)
 #place(auto, float: true, rect[C])
 #place(auto, float: true, rect[D])
 
diff --git a/tests/suite/styling/show-text.typ b/tests/suite/styling/show-text.typ
index 56b659b24..d073f72e0 100644
--- a/tests/suite/styling/show-text.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/styling/show-text.typ
@@ -131,3 +131,66 @@ Heya
 #show "Heya": set text(red)
 #show   "yaho": set text(weight: "bold")
 Heyaho
+
+--- show-text-smartquote ---
+#show "up,\" she": set text(red)
+"What's up," she asked.
+
+--- show-text-apostrophe ---
+#show regex("Who's|We've"): highlight
+Who's got it? \
+We've got it.
+
+--- show-text-citation ---
+#show "hey": [@arrgh]
+@netwok hey
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- show-text-list ---
+#show "hi": [- B]
+- A
+hi
+- C
+
+--- show-text-citation-smartquote ---
+#show "hey \"": [@arrgh]
+#show "dis": [@distress]
+@netwok hey " dis
+
+#show bibliography: none
+#bibliography("/assets/bib/works.bib")
+
+--- show-text-linebreak ---
+#show "lo\nwo": set text(red)
+Hello #[ ] \
+#[ ] #[ ] world!
+
+--- show-text-after-normal-show ---
+#show rect: "world"
+#show "lo wo": set text(red)
+hello #rect()
+
+--- show-text-space-collapsing ---
+#show "i ther": set text(red)
+hi#[ ]#[ ]the#"re"
+
+--- show-text-style-boundary ---
+#show "What's up": set text(blue)
+#show "your party": underline
+What's #[ ] up at #"your" #text(red)[party?]
+
+--- show-text-within-par ---
+#show "Pythagoras'": highlight
+$a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ is Pythagoras' theorem.
+
+--- show-text-outer-space ---
+// Spaces must be interior to strong textual elements for matching to work.
+// For outer spaces, it is hard to say whether they would collapse.
+#show "a\n": set text(blue)
+#show "b\n ": set text(blue)
+#show " c ": set text(blue)
+a \ #h(0pt, weak: true)
+b \ #h(0pt, weak: true)
+$x$ c $y$