diff --git a/crates/typst-html/src/encode.rs b/crates/typst-html/src/encode.rs
index 35301c107..71fcefcd2 100644
--- a/crates/typst-html/src/encode.rs
+++ b/crates/typst-html/src/encode.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;
 
+use ecow::{EcoString, eco_format};
 use typst_library::diag::{At, SourceResult, StrResult, bail};
 use typst_library::foundations::Repr;
 use typst_library::introspection::Introspector;
@@ -107,8 +108,15 @@ fn write_element(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
+    // See HTML spec § 13.1.2.5.
+    if matches!(element.tag, tag::pre | tag::textarea) && starts_with_newline(element) {
+        w.buf.push('\n');
+    }
+
     if tag::is_raw(element.tag) {
         write_raw(w, element)?;
+    } else if tag::is_escapable_raw(element.tag) {
+        write_escapable_raw(w, element)?;
     } else if !element.children.is_empty() {
         write_children(w, element)?;
     }
@@ -122,11 +130,6 @@ fn write_element(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
 
 /// Encodes the children of an element.
 fn write_children(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
-    // See HTML spec § 13.1.2.5.
-    if matches!(element.tag, tag::pre | tag::textarea) && starts_with_newline(element) {
-        w.buf.push('\n');
-    }
-
     let pretty = w.pretty;
     let pretty_inside = allows_pretty_inside(element.tag)
         && element.children.iter().any(|node| match node {
@@ -208,20 +211,40 @@ fn write_raw(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Encodes the contents of an escapable raw text element.
+fn write_escapable_raw(w: &mut Writer, element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<()> {
+    walk_raw_text(element, |piece, span| write_text(w, piece, span))
+}
+
 /// Collects the textual contents of a raw text element.
 fn collect_raw_text(element: &HtmlElement) -> SourceResult<String> {
-    let mut output = String::new();
+    let mut text = String::new();
+    walk_raw_text(element, |piece, span| {
+        if let Some(c) = piece.chars().find(|&c| !charsets::is_w3c_text_char(c)) {
+            return Err(unencodable(c)).at(span);
+        }
+        text.push_str(piece);
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    Ok(text)
+}
+
+/// Iterates over the textual contents of a raw text element.
+fn walk_raw_text(
+    element: &HtmlElement,
+    mut f: impl FnMut(&str, Span) -> SourceResult<()>,
+) -> SourceResult<()> {
     for c in &element.children {
         match c {
             HtmlNode::Tag(_) => continue,
-            HtmlNode::Text(text, _) => output.push_str(text),
+            HtmlNode::Text(text, span) => f(text, *span)?,
             HtmlNode::Element(HtmlElement { span, .. })
             | HtmlNode::Frame(HtmlFrame { span, .. }) => {
                 bail!(*span, "HTML raw text element cannot have non-text children")
             }
-        };
+        }
     }
-    Ok(output)
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Finds a closing sequence for the given tag in the text, if it exists.
@@ -302,11 +325,17 @@ fn write_escape(w: &mut Writer, c: char) -> StrResult<()> {
         c if charsets::is_w3c_text_char(c) && c != '\r' => {
             write!(w.buf, "&#x{:x};", c as u32).unwrap()
         }
-        _ => bail!("the character `{}` cannot be encoded in HTML", c.repr()),
+        _ => return Err(unencodable(c)),
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// The error message for a character that cannot be encoded.
+#[cold]
+fn unencodable(c: char) -> EcoString {
+    eco_format!("the character `{}` cannot be encoded in HTML", c.repr())
+}
+
 /// Encode a laid out frame into the writer.
 fn write_frame(w: &mut Writer, frame: &HtmlFrame) {
     let svg = typst_svg::svg_html_frame(
diff --git a/tests/suite/html/syntax.typ b/tests/suite/html/syntax.typ
index 85be266e1..0c56fe76c 100644
--- a/tests/suite/html/syntax.typ
+++ b/tests/suite/html/syntax.typ
@@ -1,7 +1,3 @@
---- html-non-char html ---
-// Error: 1-9 the character `"\u{fdd0}"` cannot be encoded in HTML
-\u{fdd0}
-
 --- html-void-element-with-children html ---
 // Error: 2-27 HTML void elements must not have children
 #html.elem("img", [Hello])
@@ -61,6 +57,22 @@
 // Hint: 2-32 the sequence `</SCRiPT` appears in the raw text
 #html.script("hello </SCRiPT ")
 
+--- html-escapable-raw-text-contains-elem html ---
+// Error: 16-34 HTML raw text element cannot have non-text children
+#html.textarea(html.strong[Hello])
+
 --- html-escapable-raw-text-contains-closing-tag html ---
 // This is okay because we escape it.
 #html.textarea("hello </textarea>")
+
+--- html-non-char html ---
+// Error: 1-9 the character `"\u{fdd0}"` cannot be encoded in HTML
+\u{fdd0}
+
+--- html-raw-text-non-char html ---
+// Error: 24-32 the character `"\u{fdd0}"` cannot be encoded in HTML
+#html.script[const x = \u{fdd0}]
+
+--- html-escapable-raw-text-non-char html ---
+// Error: 23-31 the character `"\u{fdd0}"` cannot be encoded in HTML
+#html.textarea[Typing \u{fdd0}]