diff --git a/src/export/pdf.rs b/src/export/pdf.rs
index cc84dbc3c..3063bf4c8 100644
--- a/src/export/pdf.rs
+++ b/src/export/pdf.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::cmp::Eq;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::io::Cursor;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use image::{DynamicImage, GenericImageView, ImageFormat, ImageResult, Rgba};
 use pdf_writer::types::{
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ use crate::Context;
 /// included in the PDF.
 ///
 /// Returns the raw bytes making up the PDF file.
-pub fn pdf(ctx: &Context, frames: &[Arc<Frame>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+pub fn pdf(ctx: &Context, frames: &[Frame]) -> Vec<u8> {
     PdfExporter::new(ctx).export(frames)
 }
 
@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ impl<'a> PdfExporter<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn export(mut self, frames: &[Arc<Frame>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    fn export(mut self, frames: &[Frame]) -> Vec<u8> {
         self.build_pages(frames);
         self.write_fonts();
         self.write_images();
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ impl<'a> PdfExporter<'a> {
         self.writer.finish()
     }
 
-    fn build_pages(&mut self, frames: &[Arc<Frame>]) {
+    fn build_pages(&mut self, frames: &[Frame]) {
         for frame in frames {
             let page_id = self.alloc.bump();
             self.page_refs.push(page_id);
diff --git a/src/frame.rs b/src/frame.rs
index 628d8c5b9..6855e7ac2 100644
--- a/src/frame.rs
+++ b/src/frame.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::geom::{
 };
 use crate::image::ImageId;
 use crate::library::text::Lang;
-use crate::util::{EcoString, MaybeShared};
+use crate::util::EcoString;
 
 /// A finished layout with elements at fixed positions.
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub struct Frame {
     /// The semantic role of the frame.
     role: Option<Role>,
     /// The elements composing this layout.
-    elements: Vec<(Point, Element)>,
+    elements: Arc<Vec<(Point, Element)>>,
 }
 
 /// Accessors and setters.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Frame {
             size,
             baseline: None,
             role: None,
-            elements: vec![],
+            elements: Arc::new(vec![]),
         }
     }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl Frame {
     /// Recover the text inside of the frame and its children.
     pub fn text(&self) -> EcoString {
         let mut text = EcoString::new();
-        for (_, element) in &self.elements {
+        for (_, element) in self.elements() {
             match element {
                 Element::Text(content) => {
                     for glyph in &content.glyphs {
@@ -117,7 +117,19 @@ impl Frame {
 
     /// Add an element at a position in the foreground.
     pub fn push(&mut self, pos: Point, element: Element) {
-        self.elements.push((pos, element));
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements).push((pos, element));
+    }
+
+    /// Add a frame.
+    ///
+    /// Automatically decides whether to inline the frame or to include it as a
+    /// group based on the number of elements in the frame.
+    pub fn push_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: Frame) {
+        if self.should_inline(&frame) {
+            self.inline(self.layer(), pos, frame);
+        } else {
+            self.push(pos, Element::Group(Group::new(frame)));
+        }
     }
 
     /// Insert an element at the given layer in the frame.
@@ -125,51 +137,72 @@ impl Frame {
     /// This panics if the layer is greater than the number of layers present.
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn insert(&mut self, layer: usize, pos: Point, element: Element) {
-        self.elements.insert(layer, (pos, element));
-    }
-
-    /// Add a frame.
-    ///
-    /// Automatically decides whether to inline the frame or to include it as a
-    /// group based on the number of elements in the frame.
-    pub fn push_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: impl FrameRepr) {
-        if (self.elements.is_empty() || frame.as_ref().is_light())
-            && frame.as_ref().role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak)
-        {
-            frame.inline(self, self.layer(), pos);
-        } else {
-            self.elements.push((pos, Element::Group(Group::new(frame.share()))));
-        }
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements).insert(layer, (pos, element));
     }
 
     /// Add an element at a position in the background.
     pub fn prepend(&mut self, pos: Point, element: Element) {
-        self.elements.insert(0, (pos, element));
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements).insert(0, (pos, element));
     }
 
     /// Add multiple elements at a position in the background.
-    pub fn prepend_multiple<I>(&mut self, insert: I)
+    pub fn prepend_multiple<I>(&mut self, elements: I)
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = (Point, Element)>,
     {
-        self.elements.splice(0 .. 0, insert);
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements).splice(0 .. 0, elements);
     }
 
     /// Add a frame at a position in the background.
-    pub fn prepend_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: impl FrameRepr) {
-        if (self.elements.is_empty() || frame.as_ref().is_light())
-            && frame.as_ref().role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak)
-        {
-            frame.inline(self, 0, pos);
+    pub fn prepend_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: Frame) {
+        if self.should_inline(&frame) {
+            self.inline(0, pos, frame);
         } else {
-            self.elements
-                .insert(0, (pos, Element::Group(Group::new(frame.share()))));
+            self.prepend(pos, Element::Group(Group::new(frame)));
         }
     }
 
-    /// Whether the frame has comparatively few elements.
-    fn is_light(&self) -> bool {
-        self.elements.len() <= 5
+    /// Whether the given frame should be inlined.
+    pub fn should_inline(&self, frame: &Frame) -> bool {
+        (self.elements.is_empty() || frame.elements.len() <= 5)
+            && frame.role().map_or(true, |role| role.is_weak())
+    }
+
+    /// Inline a frame at the given layer.
+    pub fn inline(&mut self, layer: usize, pos: Point, frame: Frame) {
+        // Try to just reuse the elements.
+        if pos.is_zero() && self.elements.is_empty() {
+            self.elements = frame.elements;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Try to copy the elements without adjusting the positioned.
+        // Also try to reuse the elements if the Arc isn't shared.
+        let range = layer .. layer;
+        if pos.is_zero() {
+            let sink = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements);
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(frame.elements) {
+                Ok(elements) => {
+                    sink.splice(range, elements);
+                }
+                Err(arc) => {
+                    sink.splice(range, arc.iter().cloned());
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // We must adjust the element positioned.
+        // But still try to reuse the elements if the Arc isn't shared.
+        let sink = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements);
+        match Arc::try_unwrap(frame.elements) {
+            Ok(elements) => {
+                sink.splice(range, elements.into_iter().map(|(p, e)| (p + pos, e)));
+            }
+            Err(arc) => {
+                sink.splice(range, arc.iter().cloned().map(|(p, e)| (p + pos, e)));
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -177,7 +210,7 @@ impl Frame {
 impl Frame {
     /// Remove all elements from the frame.
     pub fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.elements.clear();
+        self.elements = Arc::new(vec![]);
     }
 
     /// Resize the frame to a new size, distributing new space according to the
@@ -199,7 +232,7 @@ impl Frame {
             if let Some(baseline) = &mut self.baseline {
                 *baseline += offset.y;
             }
-            for (point, _) in &mut self.elements {
+            for (point, _) in Arc::make_mut(&mut self.elements) {
                 *point += offset;
             }
         }
@@ -207,7 +240,7 @@ impl Frame {
 
     /// Apply the given role to the frame if it doesn't already have one.
     pub fn apply_role(&mut self, role: Role) {
-        if self.role.map_or(true, Role::is_weak) {
+        if self.role.map_or(true, |prev| prev.is_weak() && !role.is_weak()) {
             self.role = Some(role);
         }
     }
@@ -232,8 +265,9 @@ impl Frame {
     where
         F: FnOnce(&mut Group),
     {
-        let mut wrapper = Frame { elements: vec![], ..*self };
-        let mut group = Group::new(Arc::new(std::mem::take(self)));
+        let mut wrapper = Frame::new(self.size);
+        wrapper.baseline = self.baseline;
+        let mut group = Group::new(std::mem::take(self));
         f(&mut group);
         wrapper.push(Point::zero(), Element::Group(group));
         *self = wrapper;
@@ -252,76 +286,6 @@ impl Debug for Frame {
     }
 }
 
-impl AsRef<Frame> for Frame {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Frame {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-/// A representational form of a frame (owned, shared or maybe shared).
-pub trait FrameRepr: AsRef<Frame> {
-    /// Transform into a shared representation.
-    fn share(self) -> Arc<Frame>;
-
-    /// Inline `self` into the sink frame.
-    fn inline(self, sink: &mut Frame, layer: usize, offset: Point);
-}
-
-impl FrameRepr for Frame {
-    fn share(self) -> Arc<Frame> {
-        Arc::new(self)
-    }
-
-    fn inline(self, sink: &mut Frame, layer: usize, offset: Point) {
-        if offset.is_zero() {
-            if sink.elements.is_empty() {
-                sink.elements = self.elements;
-            } else {
-                sink.elements.splice(layer .. layer, self.elements);
-            }
-        } else {
-            sink.elements.splice(
-                layer .. layer,
-                self.elements.into_iter().map(|(p, e)| (p + offset, e)),
-            );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FrameRepr for Arc<Frame> {
-    fn share(self) -> Arc<Frame> {
-        self
-    }
-
-    fn inline(self, sink: &mut Frame, layer: usize, offset: Point) {
-        match Arc::try_unwrap(self) {
-            Ok(frame) => frame.inline(sink, layer, offset),
-            Err(rc) => {
-                sink.elements.splice(
-                    layer .. layer,
-                    rc.elements.iter().cloned().map(|(p, e)| (p + offset, e)),
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl FrameRepr for MaybeShared<Frame> {
-    fn share(self) -> Arc<Frame> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Owned(owned) => owned.share(),
-            Self::Shared(shared) => shared.share(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn inline(self, sink: &mut Frame, layer: usize, offset: Point) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Owned(owned) => owned.inline(sink, layer, offset),
-            Self::Shared(shared) => shared.inline(sink, layer, offset),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// The building block frames are composed of.
 #[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Element {
@@ -357,7 +321,7 @@ impl Debug for Element {
 #[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Group {
     /// The group's frame.
-    pub frame: Arc<Frame>,
+    pub frame: Frame,
     /// A transformation to apply to the group.
     pub transform: Transform,
     /// Whether the frame should be a clipping boundary.
@@ -366,7 +330,7 @@ pub struct Group {
 
 impl Group {
     /// Create a new group with default settings.
-    pub fn new(frame: Arc<Frame>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(frame: Frame) -> Self {
         Self {
             frame,
             transform: Transform::identity(),
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index f9416463f..25a41c358 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ use crate::source::{SourceId, SourceStore};
 /// Returns either a vector of frames representing individual pages or
 /// diagnostics in the form of a vector of error message with file and span
 /// information.
-pub fn typeset(ctx: &mut Context, id: SourceId) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+pub fn typeset(ctx: &mut Context, id: SourceId) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
     let module = eval::evaluate(ctx, id, vec![])?;
     model::layout(ctx, &module.content)
 }
diff --git a/src/library/graphics/hide.rs b/src/library/graphics/hide.rs
index c969ef760..0ed02d1b9 100644
--- a/src/library/graphics/hide.rs
+++ b/src/library/graphics/hide.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ impl Layout for HideNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames = self.0.layout(ctx, regions, styles)?;
 
         // Clear the frames.
         for frame in &mut frames {
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).clear();
+            frame.clear();
         }
 
         Ok(frames)
diff --git a/src/library/graphics/image.rs b/src/library/graphics/image.rs
index d0bcfa446..1781eb8aa 100644
--- a/src/library/graphics/image.rs
+++ b/src/library/graphics/image.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl Layout for ImageNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let img = ctx.images.get(self.0);
         let pxw = img.width() as f64;
         let pxh = img.height() as f64;
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl Layout for ImageNode {
             frame.link(url.clone());
         }
 
-        Ok(vec![Arc::new(frame)])
+        Ok(vec![frame])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/library/graphics/line.rs b/src/library/graphics/line.rs
index 8e5ceae12..15c54f460 100644
--- a/src/library/graphics/line.rs
+++ b/src/library/graphics/line.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl Layout for LineNode {
         _: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let stroke = styles.get(Self::STROKE).unwrap_or_default();
 
         let origin = self
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Layout for LineNode {
         let shape = Geometry::Line(delta.to_point()).stroked(stroke);
         frame.push(origin.to_point(), Element::Shape(shape));
 
-        Ok(vec![Arc::new(frame)])
+        Ok(vec![frame])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/library/graphics/shape.rs b/src/library/graphics/shape.rs
index 6c315c24f..bf5818155 100644
--- a/src/library/graphics/shape.rs
+++ b/src/library/graphics/shape.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<const S: ShapeKind> Layout for ShapeNode<S> {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames;
         if let Some(child) = &self.0 {
             let mut inset = styles.get(Self::INSET);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl<const S: ShapeKind> Layout for ShapeNode<S> {
             frames = child.layout(ctx, &pod, styles)?;
 
             for frame in frames.iter_mut() {
-                Arc::make_mut(frame).apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
+                frame.apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
             }
 
             // Relayout with full expansion into square region to make sure
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ impl<const S: ShapeKind> Layout for ShapeNode<S> {
                 size = regions.expand.select(regions.first, size);
             }
 
-            frames = vec![Arc::new(Frame::new(size))];
+            frames = vec![Frame::new(size)];
         }
 
-        let frame = Arc::make_mut(&mut frames[0]);
+        let frame = &mut frames[0];
 
         // Add fill and/or stroke.
         let fill = styles.get(Self::FILL);
diff --git a/src/library/graphics/transform.rs b/src/library/graphics/transform.rs
index 7176a683d..2a0149bc8 100644
--- a/src/library/graphics/transform.rs
+++ b/src/library/graphics/transform.rs
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ impl Layout for MoveNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames = self.child.layout(ctx, regions, styles)?;
 
         let delta = self.delta.resolve(styles);
         for frame in &mut frames {
             let delta = delta.zip(frame.size()).map(|(d, s)| d.relative_to(s));
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).translate(delta.to_point());
+            frame.translate(delta.to_point());
         }
 
         Ok(frames)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl<const T: TransformKind> Layout for TransformNode<T> {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let origin = styles.get(Self::ORIGIN).unwrap_or(Align::CENTER_HORIZON);
         let mut frames = self.child.layout(ctx, regions, styles)?;
 
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ impl<const T: TransformKind> Layout for TransformNode<T> {
                 .pre_concat(self.transform)
                 .pre_concat(Transform::translate(-x, -y));
 
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).transform(transform);
+            frame.transform(transform);
         }
 
         Ok(frames)
diff --git a/src/library/layout/align.rs b/src/library/layout/align.rs
index c5adcf9f9..e7a27c045 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/align.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/align.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Layout for AlignNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // The child only needs to expand along an axis if there's no alignment.
         let mut pod = regions.clone();
         pod.expand &= self.aligns.map_is_none();
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl Layout for AlignNode {
                 .map(|align| align.resolve(styles))
                 .unwrap_or(Spec::new(Align::Left, Align::Top));
 
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).resize(target, aligns);
+            frame.resize(target, aligns);
         }
 
         Ok(frames)
diff --git a/src/library/layout/columns.rs b/src/library/layout/columns.rs
index b9e308f2a..33ceab867 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/columns.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/columns.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Layout for ColumnsNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // Separating the infinite space into infinite columns does not make
         // much sense.
         if !regions.first.x.is_finite() {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl Layout for ColumnsNode {
                 cursor += width + gutter;
             }
 
-            finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+            finished.push(output);
         }
 
         Ok(finished)
diff --git a/src/library/layout/flow.rs b/src/library/layout/flow.rs
index b6844f552..c6d2999e5 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/flow.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/flow.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl Layout for FlowNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions);
 
         for (child, map) in self.0.iter() {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub struct FlowLayouter {
     /// Spacing and layouted nodes.
     items: Vec<FlowItem>,
     /// Finished frames for previous regions.
-    finished: Vec<Arc<Frame>>,
+    finished: Vec<Frame>,
 }
 
 /// A prepared item in a flow layout.
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ enum FlowItem {
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
     Fractional(Fraction),
     /// A frame for a layouted child node and how to align it.
-    Frame(Arc<Frame>, Spec<Align>),
+    Frame(Frame, Spec<Align>),
     /// An absolutely placed frame.
-    Placed(Arc<Frame>),
+    Placed(Frame),
 }
 
 impl FlowLayouter {
@@ -184,9 +184,7 @@ impl FlowLayouter {
         let len = frames.len();
         for (i, mut frame) in frames.into_iter().enumerate() {
             // Set the generic block role.
-            if frame.role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak) {
-                Arc::make_mut(&mut frame).apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
-            }
+            frame.apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
 
             // Grow our size, shrink the region and save the frame for later.
             let size = frame.size();
@@ -248,11 +246,11 @@ impl FlowLayouter {
         self.full = self.regions.first;
         self.used = Size::zero();
         self.fr = Fraction::zero();
-        self.finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+        self.finished.push(output);
     }
 
     /// Finish layouting and return the resulting frames.
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Vec<Arc<Frame>> {
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Vec<Frame> {
         if self.expand.y {
             while self.regions.backlog.len() > 0 {
                 self.finish_region();
diff --git a/src/library/layout/grid.rs b/src/library/layout/grid.rs
index c04913a1c..c02662a61 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/grid.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/grid.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl Layout for GridNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // Prepare grid layout by unifying content and gutter tracks.
         let layouter = GridLayouter::new(
             ctx,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub struct GridLayouter<'a> {
     /// The sum of fractions in the current region.
     fr: Fraction,
     /// Frames for finished regions.
-    finished: Vec<Arc<Frame>>,
+    finished: Vec<Frame>,
 }
 
 /// Produced by initial row layout, auto and relative rows are already finished,
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Determines the columns sizes and then layouts the grid row-by-row.
-    pub fn layout(mut self) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    pub fn layout(mut self) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         self.ctx.pins.freeze();
         self.measure_columns()?;
         self.ctx.pins.unfreeze();
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ impl<'a> GridLayouter<'a> {
             pos.y += height;
         }
 
-        self.finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+        self.finished.push(output);
         self.regions.next();
         self.full = self.regions.first.y;
         self.used.y = Length::zero();
diff --git a/src/library/layout/pad.rs b/src/library/layout/pad.rs
index 29a72588f..dfd425bd1 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/pad.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/pad.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Layout for PadNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // Layout child into padded regions.
         let padding = self.padding.resolve(styles);
         let pod = regions.map(|size| shrink(size, padding));
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ impl Layout for PadNode {
             let offset = Point::new(padding.left, padding.top);
 
             // Grow the frame and translate everything in the frame inwards.
-            let frame = Arc::make_mut(frame);
             frame.set_size(padded);
             frame.translate(offset);
         }
diff --git a/src/library/layout/page.rs b/src/library/layout/page.rs
index e22bb4f7a..e2f414ab4 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/page.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/page.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl PageNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         mut page: usize,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // When one of the lengths is infinite the page fits its content along
         // that axis.
         let width = styles.get(Self::WIDTH).unwrap_or(Length::inf());
@@ -129,12 +129,12 @@ impl PageNode {
                 if let Some(content) = marginal.resolve(ctx, page)? {
                     let pod = Regions::one(area, area, Spec::splat(true));
                     let mut sub = content.layout(ctx, &pod, styles)?.remove(0);
-                    Arc::make_mut(&mut sub).apply_role(role);
+                    sub.apply_role(role);
 
                     if role == Role::Background {
-                        Arc::make_mut(frame).prepend_frame(pos, sub);
+                        frame.prepend_frame(pos, sub);
                     } else {
-                        Arc::make_mut(frame).push_frame(pos, sub);
+                        frame.push_frame(pos, sub);
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/library/layout/place.rs b/src/library/layout/place.rs
index 408ca1290..67e46d3bd 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/place.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/place.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl Layout for PlaceNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let out_of_flow = self.out_of_flow();
 
         // The pod is the base area of the region because for absolute
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl Layout for PlaceNode {
         // space in our parent. Otherwise, respect the expand settings.
         let frame = &mut frames[0];
         let target = regions.expand.select(regions.first, Size::zero());
-        Arc::make_mut(frame).resize(target, Align::LEFT_TOP);
+        frame.resize(target, Align::LEFT_TOP);
 
         Ok(frames)
     }
diff --git a/src/library/layout/stack.rs b/src/library/layout/stack.rs
index 5d3e17865..b1268404a 100644
--- a/src/library/layout/stack.rs
+++ b/src/library/layout/stack.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl Layout for StackNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut layouter = StackLayouter::new(self.dir, regions, styles);
 
         // Spacing to insert before the next node.
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ pub struct StackLayouter<'a> {
     /// fractional spacing.
     items: Vec<StackItem>,
     /// Finished frames for previous regions.
-    finished: Vec<Arc<Frame>>,
+    finished: Vec<Frame>,
 }
 
 /// A prepared item in a stack layout.
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ enum StackItem {
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
     Fractional(Fraction),
     /// A frame for a layouted child node.
-    Frame(Arc<Frame>, Align),
+    Frame(Frame, Align),
 }
 
 impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
@@ -196,9 +196,7 @@ impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
         let len = frames.len();
         for (i, mut frame) in frames.into_iter().enumerate() {
             // Set the generic block role.
-            if frame.role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak) {
-                Arc::make_mut(&mut frame).apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
-            }
+            frame.apply_role(Role::GenericBlock);
 
             // Grow our size, shrink the region and save the frame for later.
             let size = frame.size().to_gen(self.axis);
@@ -268,11 +266,11 @@ impl<'a> StackLayouter<'a> {
         self.full = self.regions.first;
         self.used = Gen::zero();
         self.fr = Fraction::zero();
-        self.finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+        self.finished.push(output);
     }
 
     /// Finish layouting and return the resulting frames.
-    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Vec<Arc<Frame>> {
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Vec<Frame> {
         self.finish_region();
         self.finished
     }
diff --git a/src/library/math/rex.rs b/src/library/math/rex.rs
index 930829dec..a8dbd764c 100644
--- a/src/library/math/rex.rs
+++ b/src/library/math/rex.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl Layout for RexNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         _: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // Load the font.
         let span = self.tex.span;
         let face_id = ctx
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl Layout for RexNode {
         // Render into the frame.
         renderer.render(&layout, &mut backend);
 
-        Ok(vec![Arc::new(backend.frame)])
+        Ok(vec![backend.frame])
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/library/structure/doc.rs b/src/library/structure/doc.rs
index d3fc0b391..80472e243 100644
--- a/src/library/structure/doc.rs
+++ b/src/library/structure/doc.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,7 @@ pub struct DocNode(pub StyleVec<PageNode>);
 
 impl DocNode {
     /// Layout the document into a sequence of frames, one per page.
-    pub fn layout(
-        &self,
-        ctx: &mut Context,
-        styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    pub fn layout(&self, ctx: &mut Context, styles: StyleChain) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames = vec![];
         for (page, map) in self.0.iter() {
             let number = 1 + frames.len();
diff --git a/src/library/text/par.rs b/src/library/text/par.rs
index 7a656a30e..e40131638 100644
--- a/src/library/text/par.rs
+++ b/src/library/text/par.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use unicode_bidi::{BidiInfo, Level};
 use unicode_script::{Script, UnicodeScript};
@@ -9,7 +8,7 @@ use super::{shape, Lang, Quoter, Quotes, RepeatNode, ShapedText, TextNode};
 use crate::font::FontStore;
 use crate::library::layout::Spacing;
 use crate::library::prelude::*;
-use crate::util::{EcoString, MaybeShared};
+use crate::util::EcoString;
 
 /// Arrange text, spacing and inline-level nodes into a paragraph.
 #[derive(Hash)]
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ impl Layout for ParNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // Collect all text into one string for BiDi analysis.
         let (text, segments) = collect(self, &styles);
 
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ enum Item<'a> {
     /// Fractional spacing between other items.
     Fractional(Fraction),
     /// A layouted child node.
-    Frame(Arc<Frame>),
+    Frame(Frame),
     /// A repeating node.
     Repeat(&'a RepeatNode, StyleChain<'a>),
     /// A pin identified by index.
@@ -551,16 +550,9 @@ fn prepare<'a>(
                 } else {
                     let size = Size::new(regions.first.x, regions.base.y);
                     let pod = Regions::one(size, regions.base, Spec::splat(false));
-
                     let mut frame = node.layout(ctx, &pod, styles)?.remove(0);
-                    let shift = styles.get(TextNode::BASELINE);
-
-                    if !shift.is_zero() || frame.role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak) {
-                        let frame = Arc::make_mut(&mut frame);
-                        frame.translate(Point::with_y(shift));
-                        frame.apply_role(Role::GenericInline);
-                    }
-
+                    frame.translate(Point::with_y(styles.get(TextNode::BASELINE)));
+                    frame.apply_role(Role::GenericInline);
                     items.push(Item::Frame(frame));
                 }
             }
@@ -1053,7 +1045,7 @@ fn stack(
     ctx: &mut Context,
     lines: &[Line],
     regions: &Regions,
-) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
     // Determine the paragraph's width: Full width of the region if we
     // should expand or there's fractional spacing, fit-to-width otherwise.
     let mut width = regions.first.x;
@@ -1074,7 +1066,7 @@ fn stack(
         let height = frame.size().y;
 
         while !regions.first.y.fits(height) && !regions.in_last() {
-            finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+            finished.push(output);
             output = Frame::new(Size::with_x(width));
             output.apply_role(Role::Paragraph);
             regions.next();
@@ -1093,7 +1085,7 @@ fn stack(
         first = false;
     }
 
-    finished.push(Arc::new(output));
+    finished.push(output);
     Ok(finished)
 }
 
@@ -1155,7 +1147,7 @@ fn commit(
     // Build the frames and determine the height and baseline.
     let mut frames = vec![];
     for item in reordered {
-        let mut push = |offset: &mut Length, frame: MaybeShared<Frame>| {
+        let mut push = |offset: &mut Length, frame: Frame| {
             let width = frame.width();
             top.set_max(frame.baseline());
             bottom.set_max(frame.size().y - frame.baseline());
@@ -1172,10 +1164,10 @@ fn commit(
             }
             Item::Text(shaped) => {
                 let frame = shaped.build(&mut ctx.fonts, justification);
-                push(&mut offset, MaybeShared::Owned(frame));
+                push(&mut offset, frame);
             }
             Item::Frame(frame) => {
-                push(&mut offset, MaybeShared::Shared(frame.clone()));
+                push(&mut offset, frame.clone());
             }
             Item::Repeat(node, styles) => {
                 let before = offset;
@@ -1192,7 +1184,7 @@ fn commit(
                 }
                 if width > Length::zero() {
                     for _ in 0 .. (count as usize).min(1000) {
-                        push(&mut offset, MaybeShared::Shared(frame.clone()));
+                        push(&mut offset, frame.clone());
                         offset += apart;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1201,7 +1193,7 @@ fn commit(
             Item::Pin(idx) => {
                 let mut frame = Frame::new(Size::zero());
                 frame.push(Point::zero(), Element::Pin(*idx));
-                push(&mut offset, MaybeShared::Owned(frame));
+                push(&mut offset, frame);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/library/text/repeat.rs b/src/library/text/repeat.rs
index 9ee8286b6..a3e83ac7f 100644
--- a/src/library/text/repeat.rs
+++ b/src/library/text/repeat.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl Layout for RepeatNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // The actual repeating happens directly in the paragraph.
         self.0.layout(ctx, regions, styles)
     }
diff --git a/src/model/content.rs b/src/model/content.rs
index 3e27c02fd..d2af4595d 100644
--- a/src/model/content.rs
+++ b/src/model/content.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::util::EcoString;
 /// Layout content into a collection of pages.
 ///
 /// Relayouts until all pinned locations are converged.
-pub fn layout(ctx: &mut Context, content: &Content) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+pub fn layout(ctx: &mut Context, content: &Content) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
     let mut pass = 0;
     let mut frames;
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn layout(ctx: &mut Context, content: &Content) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>
 }
 
 /// Layout content into a collection of pages once.
-fn layout_once(ctx: &mut Context, content: &Content) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+fn layout_once(ctx: &mut Context, content: &Content) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
     let copy = ctx.config.styles.clone();
     let styles = StyleChain::with_root(&copy);
     let scratch = Scratch::default();
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl Layout for Content {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let scratch = Scratch::default();
         let mut builder = Builder::new(ctx, &scratch, false);
         builder.accept(self, styles)?;
diff --git a/src/model/layout.rs b/src/model/layout.rs
index c971197aa..22797b482 100644
--- a/src/model/layout.rs
+++ b/src/model/layout.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait Layout: 'static {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>>;
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>>;
 
     /// Convert to a packed node.
     fn pack(self) -> LayoutNode
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ impl Layout for LayoutNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let prev = ctx.pins.dirty.replace(false);
 
         let (result, at, fresh, dirty) = crate::memo::memoized(
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ impl Layout for LayoutNode {
                 if let Some(role) = styles.role() {
                     result = result.map(|mut frames| {
                         for frame in frames.iter_mut() {
-                            Arc::make_mut(frame).apply_role(role);
+                            frame.apply_role(role);
                         }
                         frames
                     });
@@ -319,10 +319,10 @@ impl Layout for EmptyNode {
         _: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         _: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
-        Ok(vec![Arc::new(Frame::new(
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
+        Ok(vec![Frame::new(
             regions.expand.select(regions.first, Size::zero()),
-        ))])
+        )])
     }
 }
 
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl Layout for SizedNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         // The "pod" is the region into which the child will be layouted.
         let pod = {
             // Resolve the sizing to a concrete size.
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ impl Layout for SizedNode {
         // Ensure frame size matches regions size if expansion is on.
         let frame = &mut frames[0];
         let target = regions.expand.select(regions.first, frame.size());
-        Arc::make_mut(frame).resize(target, Align::LEFT_TOP);
+        frame.resize(target, Align::LEFT_TOP);
 
         Ok(frames)
     }
@@ -388,11 +388,11 @@ impl Layout for FillNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames = self.child.layout(ctx, regions, styles)?;
         for frame in &mut frames {
             let shape = Geometry::Rect(frame.size()).filled(self.fill);
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).prepend(Point::zero(), Element::Shape(shape));
+            frame.prepend(Point::zero(), Element::Shape(shape));
         }
         Ok(frames)
     }
@@ -413,11 +413,11 @@ impl Layout for StrokeNode {
         ctx: &mut Context,
         regions: &Regions,
         styles: StyleChain,
-    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Arc<Frame>>> {
+    ) -> TypResult<Vec<Frame>> {
         let mut frames = self.child.layout(ctx, regions, styles)?;
         for frame in &mut frames {
             let shape = Geometry::Rect(frame.size()).stroked(self.stroke);
-            Arc::make_mut(frame).prepend(Point::zero(), Element::Shape(shape));
+            frame.prepend(Point::zero(), Element::Shape(shape));
         }
         Ok(frames)
     }
diff --git a/src/model/locate.rs b/src/model/locate.rs
index bda12ae9a..f6432d434 100644
--- a/src/model/locate.rs
+++ b/src/model/locate.rs
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl PinBoard {
     }
 
     /// Locate all pins in the frames.
-    pub fn locate(&mut self, frames: &[Arc<Frame>]) {
+    pub fn locate(&mut self, frames: &[Frame]) {
         let mut flow = 0;
         for (i, frame) in frames.iter().enumerate() {
             locate_in_frame(
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index f762d88d5..df3858d6b 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub use prehashed::Prehashed;
 use std::any::TypeId;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
-use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
+use std::ops::Range;
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -64,31 +64,6 @@ impl Debug for ReadableTypeId {
     }
 }
 
-/// Either owned or shared.
-pub enum MaybeShared<T> {
-    /// Owned data.
-    Owned(T),
-    /// Shared data.
-    Shared(Arc<T>),
-}
-
-impl<T> AsRef<T> for MaybeShared<T> {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T> Deref for MaybeShared<T> {
-    type Target = T;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        match self {
-            Self::Owned(owned) => owned,
-            Self::Shared(shared) => shared,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Extra methods for [`str`].
 pub trait StrExt {
     /// The number of code units this string would use if it was encoded in
diff --git a/tests/typeset.rs b/tests/typeset.rs
index 341a04c0a..31068656d 100644
--- a/tests/typeset.rs
+++ b/tests/typeset.rs
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ fn test_part(
     line: usize,
     print: &PrintConfig,
     rng: &mut LinearShift,
-) -> (bool, bool, Vec<Arc<Frame>>) {
+) -> (bool, bool, Vec<Frame>) {
     let mut ok = true;
 
     let id = ctx.sources.provide(src_path, src);
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ fn test_spans_impl(node: &SyntaxNode, within: Range<u64>) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Draw all frames into one image with padding in between.
-fn render(ctx: &mut Context, frames: &[Arc<Frame>]) -> sk::Pixmap {
+fn render(ctx: &mut Context, frames: &[Frame]) -> sk::Pixmap {
     let pixel_per_pt = 2.0;
     let pixmaps: Vec<_> = frames
         .iter()