diff --git a/src/export/pdf.rs b/src/export/pdf.rs
index b8fc1e39d..aa3e08763 100644
--- a/src/export/pdf.rs
+++ b/src/export/pdf.rs
@@ -604,12 +604,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> PageExporter<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     fn write_frame(&mut self, frame: &Frame) {
-        if let Some(Role::Heading(level)) = frame.role() {
+        if let Some(Role::Heading { level, outlined: true }) = frame.role() {
             let heading = Heading {
                 position: Point::new(self.state.transform.tx, self.state.transform.ty),
                 content: frame.text(),
                 page: self.page_ref,
-                level,
+                level: level.get(),
             };
 
             if let Some(last) = self.exporter.heading_tree.last_mut() {
diff --git a/src/frame.rs b/src/frame.rs
index 7972b0697..934c3f22e 100644
--- a/src/frame.rs
+++ b/src/frame.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Finished layouts.
 
 use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter, Write};
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::eval::{Dict, Value};
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ impl Frame {
     /// group based on the number of elements in the frame.
     pub fn push_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: impl FrameRepr) {
         if (self.elements.is_empty() || frame.as_ref().is_light())
-            && frame.as_ref().role().is_none()
+            && frame.as_ref().role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak)
         {
             frame.inline(self, self.layer(), pos);
         } else {
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ impl Frame {
     /// Add a frame at a position in the background.
     pub fn prepend_frame(&mut self, pos: Point, frame: impl FrameRepr) {
         if (self.elements.is_empty() || frame.as_ref().is_light())
-            && frame.as_ref().role().is_none()
+            && frame.as_ref().role().map_or(true, Role::is_weak)
         {
             frame.inline(self, 0, pos);
         } else {
@@ -412,8 +413,8 @@ impl Location {
 pub enum Role {
     /// A paragraph.
     Paragraph,
-    /// A heading with some level.
-    Heading(usize),
+    /// A heading with some level and whether it should be part of the outline.
+    Heading { level: NonZeroUsize, outlined: bool },
     /// A generic block-level subdivision.
     GenericBlock,
     /// A generic inline subdivision.
diff --git a/src/library/structure/heading.rs b/src/library/structure/heading.rs
index af2b36268..24054f810 100644
--- a/src/library/structure/heading.rs
+++ b/src/library/structure/heading.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ impl HeadingNode {
     pub const BELOW: Leveled<Option<BlockSpacing>> =
         Leveled::Value(Some(Ratio::new(0.55).into()));
 
+    /// Whether the heading appears in the outline.
+    pub const OUTLINED: bool = true;
+    /// Whether the heading is numbered.
+    pub const NUMBERED: bool = true;
+
     fn construct(_: &mut Machine, args: &mut Args) -> TypResult<Content> {
         Ok(Content::show(Self {
             body: args.expect("body")?,
@@ -65,14 +70,15 @@ impl HeadingNode {
 
 impl Show for HeadingNode {
     fn unguard(&self, sel: Selector) -> ShowNode {
-        let body = self.body.unguard(sel).role(Role::Heading(self.level.get()));
-        Self { body, ..*self }.pack()
+        Self { body: self.body.unguard(sel), ..*self }.pack()
     }
 
-    fn encode(&self, _: StyleChain) -> Dict {
+    fn encode(&self, styles: StyleChain) -> Dict {
         dict! {
             "level" => Value::Int(self.level.get() as i64),
             "body" => Value::Content(self.body.clone()),
+            "outlined" => Value::Bool(styles.get(Self::OUTLINED)),
+            "numbered" => Value::Bool(styles.get(Self::NUMBERED)),
         }
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +121,12 @@ impl Show for HeadingNode {
             realized = realized.underlined();
         }
 
-        realized = realized.styled_with_map(map).role(Role::Heading(self.level.get()));
+        let role = Role::Heading {
+            level: self.level,
+            outlined: styles.get(Self::OUTLINED),
+        };
+
+        realized = realized.styled_with_map(map).role(role);
         realized = realized.spaced(
             resolve!(Self::ABOVE).resolve(styles),
             resolve!(Self::BELOW).resolve(styles),
diff --git a/src/model/layout.rs b/src/model/layout.rs
index b4151c046..d8cf1cab7 100644
--- a/src/model/layout.rs
+++ b/src/model/layout.rs
@@ -231,9 +231,10 @@ impl Layout for LayoutNode {
                 let hash = fxhash::hash64(&ctx.pins);
                 let at = ctx.pins.cursor();
 
-                let entry = StyleEntry::Barrier(Barrier::new(node.id()));
-                let mut result = node.0.layout(ctx, regions, entry.chain(&styles));
+                let barrier = StyleEntry::Barrier(Barrier::new(node.id()));
+                let styles = barrier.chain(&styles);
 
+                let mut result = node.0.layout(ctx, regions, styles);
                 if let Some(role) = styles.role() {
                     result = result.map(|mut frames| {
                         for frame in frames.iter_mut() {