Footnotes

docs/src/general/changelog.md

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ description: |
 
 # Changelog
 ## Unreleased
+- Footnotes
+  - Implemented support for footnotes
+  - The [`footnote`]($func/footnote) function inserts a footnote
+  - The [`footnote.entry`]($func/footnote.entry) function can be used to
+    customize the footnote listing
+  - The `{"chicago-notes"}` [citation style]($func/cite.style) is now available
+
 - Documentation
   - Added [guide for LaTeX users]($guides/guide-for-latex-users)
   - Now shows default values for optional arguments

library/src/layout/columns.rs

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ impl Layout for ColumnsElem {
             backlog: &backlog,
             last: regions.last,
             expand: Axes::new(true, regions.expand.y),
+            root: regions.root,
         };
 
         // Layout the children.

library/src/layout/flow.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-use super::{AlignElem, BlockElem, ColbreakElem, ParElem, PlaceElem, Spacing, VElem};
+use std::mem;
+
+use super::{
+    AlignElem, BlockElem, ColbreakElem, ColumnsElem, ParElem, PlaceElem, Spacing, VElem,
+};
+use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, FootnoteEntry};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::visualize::{
     CircleElem, EllipseElem, ImageElem, PathElem, PolygonElem, RectElem, SquareElem,
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ impl Layout for FlowElem {
         styles: StyleChain,
         regions: Regions,
     ) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
-        let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions);
+        let mut layouter = FlowLayouter::new(regions, styles);
 
         for mut child in &self.children() {
             let outer = styles;
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ impl Layout for FlowElem {
             }
 
             if let Some(elem) = child.to::<VElem>() {
-                layouter.layout_spacing(elem, styles);
+                layouter.layout_spacing(vt, elem, styles)?;
             } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<ParElem>() {
                 layouter.layout_par(vt, elem, styles)?;
             } else if child.is::<RectElem>()
@@ -63,21 +68,25 @@ impl Layout for FlowElem {
             } else if child.is::<ColbreakElem>() {
                 if !layouter.regions.backlog.is_empty() || layouter.regions.last.is_some()
                 {
-                    layouter.finish_region();
+                    layouter.finish_region()?;
                 }
             } else {
                 bail!(child.span(), "unexpected flow child");
             }
         }
 
-        Ok(layouter.finish())
+        layouter.finish()
     }
 }
 
 /// Performs flow layout.
 struct FlowLayouter<'a> {
+    /// Whether this is the root flow.
+    root: bool,
     /// The regions to layout children into.
     regions: Regions<'a>,
+    /// The shared styles.
+    styles: StyleChain<'a>,
     /// Whether the flow should expand to fill the region.
     expand: Axes<bool>,
     /// The initial size of `regions.size` that was available before we started
@@ -85,12 +94,23 @@ struct FlowLayouter<'a> {
     initial: Size,
     /// Whether the last block was a paragraph.
     last_was_par: bool,
-    /// Spacing and layouted blocks.
+    /// Spacing and layouted blocks for the current region.
     items: Vec<FlowItem>,
+    /// Whether we have any footnotes in the current region.
+    has_footnotes: bool,
+    /// Footnote configuration.
+    footnote_config: FootnoteConfig,
     /// Finished frames for previous regions.
     finished: Vec<Frame>,
 }
 
+/// Cached footnote configuration.
+struct FootnoteConfig {
+    separator: Content,
+    clearance: Abs,
+    gap: Abs,
+}
+
 /// A prepared item in a flow layout.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum FlowItem {
@@ -102,36 +122,55 @@ enum FlowItem {
     Frame(Frame, Axes<Align>, bool),
     /// An absolutely placed frame.
     Placed(Frame),
+    /// A footnote frame (can also be the separator).
+    Footnote(Frame),
 }
 
 impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
     /// Create a new flow layouter.
-    fn new(mut regions: Regions<'a>) -> Self {
+    fn new(mut regions: Regions<'a>, styles: StyleChain<'a>) -> Self {
         let expand = regions.expand;
 
-        // Disable vertical expansion for children.
+        // Disable vertical expansion & root for children.
         regions.expand.y = false;
+        let root = mem::replace(&mut regions.root, false);
 
         Self {
+            root,
             regions,
+            styles,
             expand,
             initial: regions.size,
             last_was_par: false,
             items: vec![],
+            has_footnotes: false,
+            footnote_config: FootnoteConfig {
+                separator: FootnoteEntry::separator_in(styles),
+                clearance: FootnoteEntry::clearance_in(styles),
+                gap: FootnoteEntry::gap_in(styles),
+            },
             finished: vec![],
         }
     }
 
     /// Layout vertical spacing.
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FlowLayouter::layout_spacing", skip_all)]
-    fn layout_spacing(&mut self, v: &VElem, styles: StyleChain) {
+    fn layout_spacing(
-        self.layout_item(match v.amount() {
+        &mut self,
-            Spacing::Rel(rel) => FlowItem::Absolute(
+        vt: &mut Vt,
-                rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(self.initial.y),
+        v: &VElem,
-                v.weakness(styles) > 0,
+        styles: StyleChain,
-            ),
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
-            Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(fr),
+        self.layout_item(
-        });
+            vt,
+            match v.amount() {
+                Spacing::Rel(rel) => FlowItem::Absolute(
+                    rel.resolve(styles).relative_to(self.initial.y),
+                    v.weakness(styles) > 0,
+                ),
+                Spacing::Fr(fr) => FlowItem::Fractional(fr),
+            },
+        )
     }
 
     /// Layout a paragraph.
@@ -145,7 +184,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         let aligns = AlignElem::alignment_in(styles).resolve(styles);
         let leading = ParElem::leading_in(styles);
         let consecutive = self.last_was_par;
-        let frames = par
+        let lines = par
             .layout(vt, styles, consecutive, self.regions.base(), self.regions.expand.x)?
             .into_frames();
 
@@ -158,26 +197,25 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
             }
         }
 
-        if let [first, ..] = frames.as_slice() {
+        if let Some(first) = lines.first() {
             if !self.regions.size.y.fits(first.height()) && !self.regions.in_last() {
                 let carry: Vec<_> = self.items.drain(sticky..).collect();
-                self.finish_region();
+                self.finish_region()?;
                 for item in carry {
-                    self.layout_item(item);
+                    self.layout_item(vt, item)?;
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        for (i, frame) in frames.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, frame) in lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
-                self.layout_item(FlowItem::Absolute(leading, true));
+                self.layout_item(vt, FlowItem::Absolute(leading, true))?;
             }
 
-            self.layout_item(FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, false));
+            self.layout_item(vt, FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, false))?;
         }
 
         self.last_was_par = true;
-
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -193,7 +231,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         let sticky = BlockElem::sticky_in(styles);
         let pod = Regions::one(self.regions.base(), Axes::splat(false));
         let frame = content.layout(vt, styles, pod)?.into_frame();
-        self.layout_item(FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, sticky));
+        self.layout_item(vt, FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, sticky))?;
         self.last_was_par = false;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -210,7 +248,7 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         if let Some(placed) = block.to::<PlaceElem>() {
             if placed.out_of_flow(styles) {
                 let frame = block.layout(vt, styles, self.regions)?.into_frame();
-                self.layout_item(FlowItem::Placed(frame));
+                self.layout_item(vt, FlowItem::Placed(frame))?;
                 return Ok(());
             }
         }
@@ -225,16 +263,22 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         }
         .resolve(styles);
 
+        let is_columns = block.is::<ColumnsElem>();
+
         // Layout the block itself.
         let sticky = BlockElem::sticky_in(styles);
         let fragment = block.layout(vt, styles, self.regions)?;
+        self.regions.root = self.root && is_columns;
+
         for (i, frame) in fragment.into_iter().enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
-                self.finish_region();
+                self.finish_region()?;
             }
-            self.layout_item(FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, sticky));
+
+            self.layout_item(vt, FlowItem::Frame(frame, aligns, sticky))?;
         }
 
+        self.regions.root = false;
         self.last_was_par = false;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -242,26 +286,38 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
 
     /// Layout a finished frame.
     #[tracing::instrument(name = "FlowLayouter::layout_item", skip_all)]
-    fn layout_item(&mut self, item: FlowItem) {
+    fn layout_item(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt, item: FlowItem) -> SourceResult<()> {
         match item {
-            FlowItem::Absolute(v, _) => self.regions.size.y -= v,
+            FlowItem::Absolute(v, weak) => {
+                if weak
+                    && !self.items.iter().any(|item| matches!(item, FlowItem::Frame(..)))
+                {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                self.regions.size.y -= v
+            }
             FlowItem::Fractional(_) => {}
             FlowItem::Frame(ref frame, ..) => {
                 let size = frame.size();
                 if !self.regions.size.y.fits(size.y) && !self.regions.in_last() {
-                    self.finish_region();
+                    self.finish_region()?;
                 }
 
                 self.regions.size.y -= size.y;
+                if self.root {
+                    return self.handle_footnotes(vt, item, size.y);
+                }
             }
             FlowItem::Placed(_) => {}
+            FlowItem::Footnote(_) => {}
         }
 
         self.items.push(item);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Finish the frame for one region.
-    fn finish_region(&mut self) {
+    fn finish_region(&mut self) -> SourceResult<()> {
         // Trim weak spacing.
         while self
             .items
@@ -274,6 +330,8 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         // Determine the used size.
         let mut fr = Fr::zero();
         let mut used = Size::zero();
+        let mut footnote_height = Abs::zero();
+        let mut first_footnote = true;
         for item in &self.items {
             match item {
                 FlowItem::Absolute(v, _) => used.y += *v,
@@ -284,19 +342,31 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
                     used.x.set_max(size.x);
                 }
                 FlowItem::Placed(_) => {}
+                FlowItem::Footnote(frame) => {
+                    let size = frame.size();
+                    footnote_height += size.y;
+                    if !first_footnote {
+                        footnote_height += self.footnote_config.gap;
+                    }
+                    first_footnote = false;
+                    used.x.set_max(size.x);
+                }
             }
         }
+        used.y += footnote_height;
 
         // Determine the size of the flow in this region depending on whether
-        // the region expands. Also account for fractional spacing.
+        // the region expands. Also account for fractional spacing and
+        // footnotes.
         let mut size = self.expand.select(self.initial, used).min(self.initial);
-        if fr.get() > 0.0 && self.initial.y.is_finite() {
+        if (fr.get() > 0.0 || self.has_footnotes) && self.initial.y.is_finite() {
             size.y = self.initial.y;
         }
 
         let mut output = Frame::new(size);
         let mut offset = Abs::zero();
         let mut ruler = Align::Top;
+        let mut footnote_offset = size.y - footnote_height;
 
         // Place all frames.
         for item in self.items.drain(..) {
@@ -316,6 +386,11 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
                     offset += frame.height();
                     output.push_frame(pos, frame);
                 }
+                FlowItem::Footnote(frame) => {
+                    let pos = Point::with_y(footnote_offset);
+                    footnote_offset += frame.height() + self.footnote_config.gap;
+                    output.push_frame(pos, frame);
+                }
                 FlowItem::Placed(frame) => {
                     output.push_frame(Point::zero(), frame);
                 }
@@ -326,17 +401,137 @@ impl<'a> FlowLayouter<'a> {
         self.finished.push(output);
         self.regions.next();
         self.initial = self.regions.size;
+        self.has_footnotes = false;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     /// Finish layouting and return the resulting fragment.
-    fn finish(mut self) -> Fragment {
+    fn finish(mut self) -> SourceResult<Fragment> {
         if self.expand.y {
             while !self.regions.backlog.is_empty() {
-                self.finish_region();
+                self.finish_region()?;
             }
         }
 
-        self.finish_region();
+        self.finish_region()?;
-        Fragment::frames(self.finished)
+        Ok(Fragment::frames(self.finished))
+    }
+}
+
+impl FlowLayouter<'_> {
+    /// Processes all footnotes in the frame.
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    fn handle_footnotes(
+        &mut self,
+        vt: &mut Vt,
+        item: FlowItem,
+        height: Abs,
+    ) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        // Find footnotes in the frame.
+        let mut notes = Vec::new();
+        if let FlowItem::Frame(frame, ..) = &item {
+            find_footnotes(&mut notes, frame);
+        }
+
+        self.items.push(item);
+
+        // No new footnotes.
+        if notes.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // The currently handled footnote.
+        let mut k = 0;
+
+        // Whether we can still skip one region to ensure that the footnote
+        // and its entry are on the same page.
+        let mut can_skip = true;
+
+        // Process footnotes.
+        'outer: while k < notes.len() {
+            let had_footnotes = self.has_footnotes;
+            if !self.has_footnotes {
+                self.layout_footnote_separator(vt)?;
+            }
+
+            self.regions.size.y -= self.footnote_config.gap;
+            let frames = FootnoteEntry::new(notes[k].clone())
+                .pack()
+                .layout(vt, self.styles, self.regions.with_root(false))?
+                .into_frames();
+
+            // If the entries didn't fit, undo the separator layout, move the
+            // item into the next region (to keep footnote and entry together)
+            // and try again.
+            if can_skip && frames.first().map_or(false, Frame::is_empty) {
+                // Remove separator
+                if !had_footnotes {
+                    self.items.pop();
+                }
+                let item = self.items.pop();
+                self.finish_region()?;
+                self.items.extend(item);
+                self.regions.size.y -= height;
+                can_skip = false;
+                continue 'outer;
+            }
+
+            let prev = notes.len();
+            for (i, frame) in frames.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                find_footnotes(&mut notes, &frame);
+                if i > 0 {
+                    self.finish_region()?;
+                    self.layout_footnote_separator(vt)?;
+                    self.regions.size.y -= self.footnote_config.gap;
+                }
+                self.regions.size.y -= frame.height();
+                self.items.push(FlowItem::Footnote(frame));
+            }
+
+            k += 1;
+
+            // Process the nested notes before dealing with further notes.
+            let nested = notes.len() - prev;
+            if nested > 0 {
+                notes[k..].rotate_right(nested);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Layout and save the footnote separator, typically a line.
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+    fn layout_footnote_separator(&mut self, vt: &mut Vt) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        let expand = Axes::new(self.regions.expand.x, false);
+        let pod = Regions::one(self.regions.base(), expand);
+        let separator = &self.footnote_config.separator;
+
+        let mut frame = separator.layout(vt, self.styles, pod)?.into_frame();
+        frame.size_mut().y += self.footnote_config.clearance;
+        frame.translate(Point::with_y(self.footnote_config.clearance));
+
+        self.has_footnotes = true;
+        self.regions.size.y -= frame.height();
+        self.items.push(FlowItem::Footnote(frame));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Finds all footnotes in the frame.
+#[tracing::instrument(skip_all)]
+fn find_footnotes(notes: &mut Vec<FootnoteElem>, frame: &Frame) {
+    for (_, item) in frame.items() {
+        match item {
+            FrameItem::Group(group) => find_footnotes(notes, &group.frame),
+            FrameItem::Meta(Meta::Elem(content), _)
+                if !notes.iter().any(|note| note.0.location() == content.location()) =>
+            {
+                let Some(footnote) = content.to::<FootnoteElem>() else { continue };
+                notes.push(footnote.clone());
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
     }
 }

library/src/layout/page.rs

@@ -315,9 +315,11 @@ impl PageElem {
             child = ColumnsElem::new(child).with_count(columns).pack();
         }
 
-        // Layout the child.
         let area = size - margin.sum_by_axis();
-        let regions = Regions::repeat(area, area.map(Abs::is_finite));
+        let mut regions = Regions::repeat(area, area.map(Abs::is_finite));
+        regions.root = true;
+
+        // Layout the child.
         let mut fragment = child.layout(vt, styles, regions)?;
 
         let fill = self.fill(styles);

library/src/layout/par.rs

@@ -569,6 +569,10 @@ fn collect<'a>(
             }
             Segment::Text(full.len() - prev)
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<HElem>() {
+            if elem.amount().is_zero() {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             full.push(SPACING_REPLACE);
             Segment::Spacing(elem.amount())
         } else if let Some(elem) = child.to::<LinebreakElem>() {

library/src/layout/regions.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ pub struct Regions<'a> {
     /// Whether elements should expand to fill the regions instead of shrinking
     /// to fit the content.
     pub expand: Axes<bool>,
+    /// Whether these are the root regions or direct descendants.
+    ///
+    /// True for the padded page regions and columns directly in the page,
+    /// false otherwise.
+    pub root: bool,
 }
 
 impl Regions<'_> {
@@ -28,6 +33,7 @@ impl Regions<'_> {
             backlog: &[],
             last: None,
             expand,
+            root: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -39,6 +45,7 @@ impl Regions<'_> {
             backlog: &[],
             last: Some(size.y),
             expand,
+            root: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -67,6 +74,7 @@ impl Regions<'_> {
             backlog,
             last: self.last.map(|y| f(Size::new(x, y)).y),
             expand: self.expand,
+            root: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -82,6 +90,11 @@ impl Regions<'_> {
         self.backlog.is_empty() && self.last.map_or(true, |height| self.size.y == height)
     }
 
+    /// The same regions, but with different `root` configuration.
+    pub fn with_root(self, root: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { root, ..self }
+    }
+
     /// Advance to the next region if there is any.
     pub fn next(&mut self) {
         if let Some(height) = self

library/src/layout/spacing.rs

@@ -177,6 +177,14 @@ impl Spacing {
     pub fn is_fractional(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::Fr(_))
     }
+
+    /// Whether the spacing is actually no spacing.
+    pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Rel(rel) => rel.is_zero(),
+            Self::Fr(fr) => fr.is_zero(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<Abs> for Spacing {

library/src/meta/bibliography.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use typst::util::option_eq;
 
 use super::{LinkElem, LocalName, RefElem};
 use crate::layout::{BlockElem, GridElem, ParElem, Sizing, TrackSizings, VElem};
-use crate::meta::HeadingElem;
+use crate::meta::{FootnoteElem, HeadingElem};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::text::TextElem;
 
@@ -243,6 +243,9 @@ pub enum BibliographyStyle {
     /// The Chicago Author Date style. Based on the 17th edition of the Chicago
     /// Manual of Style, Chapter 15.
     ChicagoAuthorDate,
+    /// The Chicago Notes style. Based on the 17th edition of the Chicago
+    /// Manual of Style, Chapter 14.
+    ChicagoNotes,
     /// The style of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
     /// Based on the 2018 IEEE Reference Guide.
     Ieee,
@@ -257,6 +260,7 @@ impl BibliographyStyle {
         match self {
             Self::Apa => CitationStyle::ChicagoAuthorDate,
             Self::ChicagoAuthorDate => CitationStyle::ChicagoAuthorDate,
+            Self::ChicagoNotes => CitationStyle::ChicagoNotes,
             Self::Ieee => CitationStyle::Numerical,
             Self::Mla => CitationStyle::ChicagoAuthorDate,
         }
@@ -385,7 +389,10 @@ pub enum CitationStyle {
     /// The Chicago Author Date style. Based on the 17th edition of the Chicago
     /// Manual of Style, Chapter 15.
     ChicagoAuthorDate,
-    /// The Chicago-like author-title format. Results could look like this:
+    /// The Chicago Notes style. Based on the 17th edition of the Chicago
+    /// Manual of Style, Chapter 14.
+    ChicagoNotes,
+    /// A Chicago-like author-title format. Results could look like this:
     /// Prokopov, “It Is Fast or It Is Wrong”.
     ChicagoAuthorTitle,
 }
@@ -487,6 +494,7 @@ fn create(
                     CitationStyle::ChicagoAuthorDate => {
                         Box::new(style::ChicagoAuthorDate::new())
                     }
+                    CitationStyle::ChicagoNotes => Box::new(style::ChicagoNotes::new()),
                     CitationStyle::ChicagoAuthorTitle => {
                         Box::new(style::AuthorTitle::new())
                     }
@@ -537,6 +545,10 @@ fn create(
                 };
             }
 
+            if style == CitationStyle::ChicagoNotes {
+                content = FootnoteElem::new(content).pack();
+            }
+
             (location, Some(content))
         })
         .collect();
@@ -544,6 +556,7 @@ fn create(
     let bibliography_style: Box<dyn style::BibliographyStyle> = match style {
         BibliographyStyle::Apa => Box::new(style::Apa::new()),
         BibliographyStyle::ChicagoAuthorDate => Box::new(style::ChicagoAuthorDate::new()),
+        BibliographyStyle::ChicagoNotes => Box::new(style::ChicagoNotes::new()),
         BibliographyStyle::Ieee => Box::new(style::Ieee::new()),
         BibliographyStyle::Mla => Box::new(style::Mla::new()),
     };
@@ -552,24 +565,18 @@ fn create(
         .bibliography(&*bibliography_style, None)
         .into_iter()
         .map(|reference| {
-            // Make link from citation to here work.
+            let backlink = ref_location(reference.entry);
-            let backlink = {
-                let mut content = Content::empty();
-                content.set_location(ref_location(reference.entry));
-                MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Elem(content)])
-            };
-
             let prefix = reference.prefix.map(|prefix| {
                 // Format and link to first citation.
                 let bracketed = prefix.with_default_brackets(&*citation_style);
                 format_display_string(&bracketed, None, span)
                     .linked(Destination::Location(ids[reference.entry.key()]))
-                    .styled(backlink.clone())
+                    .backlinked(backlink)
             });
 
             let mut reference = format_display_string(&reference.display, None, span);
             if prefix.is_none() {
-                reference = reference.styled(backlink);
+                reference = reference.backlinked(backlink);
             }
 
             (prefix, reference)

library/src/meta/footnote.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use super::{Counter, Numbering, NumberingPattern};
+use crate::layout::{HElem, ParElem};
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::text::{SuperElem, TextElem, TextSize};
+use crate::visualize::LineElem;
+
+/// A footnote.
+///
+/// Include additional remarks and references on the same page with footnotes. A
+/// footnote will insert a superscript number that links to the note at the
+/// bottom of the page. Notes are numbered sequentially throughout your document
+/// and can break across multiple pages.
+///
+/// To customize the appearance of the entry in the footnote listing, see
+/// [`footnote.entry`]($func/footnote.entry). The footnote itself is realized as
+/// a normal superscript, so you can use a set rule on the
+/// [`super`]($func/super) function to customize it.
+///
+/// ## Example { #example }
+/// ```example
+/// Check the docs for more details.
+/// #footnote[https://typst.app/docs]
+/// ```
+///
+/// The footnote automatically attaches itself to the preceding word, even if
+/// there is a space before it in the markup. To force space, you can use the
+/// string `[#" "]` or explicit [horizontal spacing]($func/h).
+///
+/// Display: Footnote
+/// Category: meta
+#[element(Locatable, Synthesize, Show)]
+#[scope(
+    scope.define("entry", FootnoteEntry::func());
+    scope
+)]
+pub struct FootnoteElem {
+    /// How to number footnotes.
+    ///
+    /// By default, the footnote numbering continues throughout your document.
+    /// If you prefer per-page footnote numbering, you can reset the footnote
+    /// [counter]($func/counter) in the page [header]($func/page.header). In the
+    /// future, there might be a simpler way to achieve this.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #set footnote(numbering: "*")
+    ///
+    /// Footnotes:
+    /// #footnote[Star],
+    /// #footnote[Dagger]
+    /// ```
+    #[default(Numbering::Pattern(NumberingPattern::from_str("1").unwrap()))]
+    pub numbering: Numbering,
+
+    /// The content to put into the footnote.
+    #[required]
+    pub body: Content,
+}
+
+impl Synthesize for FootnoteElem {
+    fn synthesize(&mut self, _vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<()> {
+        self.push_numbering(self.numbering(styles));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Show for FootnoteElem {
+    #[tracing::instrument(name = "FootnoteElem::show", skip_all)]
+    fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
+        let loc = self.0.location().unwrap();
+        let numbering = self.numbering(styles);
+        let counter = Counter::of(Self::func());
+        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        let sup = SuperElem::new(num).pack();
+        let hole = HElem::new(Abs::zero().into()).with_weak(true).pack();
+        let loc = self.0.location().unwrap().variant(1);
+        Ok(hole + sup.linked(Destination::Location(loc)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// An entry in a footnote list.
+///
+/// This function is not intended to be called directly. Instead, it is used
+/// in set and show rules to customize footnote listings.
+///
+/// ## Example { #example }
+/// ```example
+/// #show footnote.entry: set text(red)
+///
+/// My footnote listing
+/// #footnote[It's down here]
+/// has red text!
+/// ```
+///
+/// Display: Footnote Entry
+/// Category: meta
+#[element(Show, Finalize)]
+pub struct FootnoteEntry {
+    /// The footnote for this entry. It's location can be used to determine
+    /// the footnote counter state.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #show footnote.entry: it => {
+    ///   let loc = it.note.location()
+    ///   numbering(
+    ///     "1: ",
+    ///     ..counter(footnote).at(loc),
+    ///   )
+    ///   it.note.body
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// Customized #footnote[Hello]
+    /// listing #footnote[World! 🌏]
+    /// ```
+    #[required]
+    pub note: FootnoteElem,
+
+    /// The separator between the document body and the footnote listing.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #set footnote.entry(
+    ///   separator: repeat[.]
+    /// )
+    ///
+    /// Testing a different separator.
+    /// #footnote[
+    ///   Unconventional, but maybe
+    ///   not that bad?
+    /// ]
+    /// ```
+    #[default(
+        LineElem::new()
+            .with_length(Ratio::new(0.3).into())
+            .with_stroke(PartialStroke {
+                thickness: Smart::Custom(Abs::pt(0.5).into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+            .pack()
+    )]
+    pub separator: Content,
+
+    /// The amount of clearance between the document body and the separator.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #set footnote.entry(clearance: 3em)
+    ///
+    /// Footnotes also need ...
+    /// #footnote[
+    ///   ... some space to breathe.
+    /// ]
+    /// ```
+    #[default(Em::new(1.0).into())]
+    #[resolve]
+    pub clearance: Length,
+
+    /// The gap between footnote entries.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #set footnote.entry(gap: 0.8em)
+    ///
+    /// Footnotes:
+    /// #footnote[Spaced],
+    /// #footnote[Apart]
+    /// ```
+    #[default(Em::new(0.5).into())]
+    #[resolve]
+    pub gap: Length,
+
+    /// The indent of each footnote entry.
+    ///
+    /// ```example
+    /// #set footnote.entry(indent: 0em)
+    ///
+    /// Footnotes:
+    /// #footnote[No],
+    /// #footnote[Indent]
+    /// ```
+    #[default(Em::new(1.0).into())]
+    pub indent: Length,
+}
+
+impl Show for FootnoteEntry {
+    fn show(&self, vt: &mut Vt, styles: StyleChain) -> SourceResult<Content> {
+        let note = self.note();
+        let number_gap = Em::new(0.05);
+        let numbering = note.numbering(StyleChain::default());
+        let counter = Counter::of(FootnoteElem::func());
+        let loc = note.0.location().unwrap();
+        let num = counter.at(vt, loc)?.display(vt, &numbering)?;
+        let sup = SuperElem::new(num)
+            .pack()
+            .linked(Destination::Location(loc))
+            .backlinked(loc.variant(1));
+        Ok(Content::sequence([
+            HElem::new(self.indent(styles).into()).pack(),
+            sup,
+            HElem::new(number_gap.into()).with_weak(true).pack(),
+            note.body(),
+        ]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Finalize for FootnoteEntry {
+    fn finalize(&self, realized: Content, _: StyleChain) -> Content {
+        let text_size = Em::new(0.85);
+        let leading = Em::new(0.5);
+        realized
+            .styled(ParElem::set_leading(leading.into()))
+            .styled(TextElem::set_size(TextSize(text_size.into())))
+    }
+}
+
+cast_from_value! {
+    FootnoteElem,
+    v: Content => v.to::<Self>().cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| Self::new(v.clone())),
+}

library/src/meta/mod.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod context;
 mod counter;
 mod document;
 mod figure;
+mod footnote;
 mod heading;
 mod link;
 mod numbering;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ pub use self::context::*;
 pub use self::counter::*;
 pub use self::document::*;
 pub use self::figure::*;
+pub use self::footnote::*;
 pub use self::heading::*;
 pub use self::link::*;
 pub use self::numbering::*;
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ pub(super) fn define(global: &mut Scope) {
     global.define("outline", OutlineElem::func());
     global.define("heading", HeadingElem::func());
     global.define("figure", FigureElem::func());
+    global.define("footnote", FootnoteElem::func());
     global.define("cite", CiteElem::func());
     global.define("bibliography", BibliographyElem::func());
     global.define("locate", locate);

library/src/shared/ext.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ pub trait ContentExt {
     /// Link the content somewhere.
     fn linked(self, dest: Destination) -> Self;
 
+    /// Make the content linkable by `.linked(Destination::Location(loc))`.
+    ///
+    /// Should be used in combination with [`Location::variant`].
+    fn backlinked(self, loc: Location) -> Self;
+
     /// Set alignments for this content.
     fn aligned(self, aligns: Axes<Option<GenAlign>>) -> Self;
 
@@ -45,6 +50,12 @@ impl ContentExt for Content {
         self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Link(dest)]))
     }
 
+    fn backlinked(self, loc: Location) -> Self {
+        let mut backlink = Content::empty();
+        backlink.set_location(loc);
+        self.styled(MetaElem::set_data(vec![Meta::Elem(backlink)]))
+    }
+
     fn aligned(self, aligns: Axes<Option<GenAlign>>) -> Self {
         self.styled(AlignElem::set_alignment(aligns))
     }

src/doc.rs

@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ cast_to_value! {
 }
 
 /// Meta information that isn't visible or renderable.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
 pub enum Meta {
     /// An internal or external link to a destination.
     Link(Destination),
@@ -623,6 +623,17 @@ pub enum Meta {
     Hide,
 }
 
+impl Debug for Meta {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Link(dest) => write!(f, "Link({dest:?})"),
+            Self::Elem(content) => write!(f, "Elem({:?})", content.func()),
+            Self::PageNumbering(value) => write!(f, "PageNumbering({value:?})"),
+            Self::Hide => f.pad("Hide"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 cast_from_value! {
     Meta: "meta",
 }

src/geom/length.rs

@@ -80,12 +80,6 @@ impl From<Em> for Length {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Abs> for Rel<Length> {
-    fn from(abs: Abs) -> Self {
-        Rel::from(Length::from(abs))
-    }
-}
-
 impl Neg for Length {
     type Output = Self;
 

src/geom/rel.rs

@@ -73,6 +73,18 @@ impl<T: Numeric> Debug for Rel<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<Abs> for Rel<Length> {
+    fn from(abs: Abs) -> Self {
+        Rel::from(Length::from(abs))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Em> for Rel<Length> {
+    fn from(em: Em) -> Self {
+        Rel::from(Length::from(em))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Numeric> From<T> for Rel<T> {
     fn from(abs: T) -> Self {
         Self { rel: Ratio::zero(), abs }

tests/typ/meta/cite-footnote.typ

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Hello @netwok
+And again: @netwok
+
+#pagebreak()
+#bibliography("/works.bib", style: "chicago-notes")

tests/typ/meta/footnote-break.typ

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Test footnotes that break across pages.
+
+---
+#set page(height: 200pt)
+
+#lorem(5)
+#footnote[ // 1
+  A simple footnote.
+  #footnote[Well, not that simple ...] // 2
+]
+#lorem(15)
+#footnote[Another footnote: #lorem(30)] // 3
+#lorem(15)
+#footnote[My fourth footnote: #lorem(50)] // 4
+#lorem(15)
+#footnote[And a final footnote.] // 5

tests/typ/meta/footnote-container.typ

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Test footnotes in containers.
+
+---
+// Test footnote in caption.
+Read the docs #footnote[https://typst.app/docs]!
+#figure(
+  image("/graph.png", width: 70%),
+  caption: [
+    A graph #footnote[A _graph_ is a structure with nodes and edges.]
+  ]
+)
+More #footnote[just for ...] footnotes #footnote[... testing. :)]
+
+---
+// Test duplicate footnotes.
+#let lang = footnote[Languages.]
+#let nums = footnote[Numbers.]
+
+/ "Hello": A word #lang
+/ "123": A number #nums
+
+- "Hello" #lang
+- "123" #nums
+
++ "Hello" #lang
++ "123" #nums
+
+#table(
+  columns: 2,
+  [Hello], [A word #lang],
+  [123], [A number #nums],
+)

tests/typ/meta/footnote-invariant.typ

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// Ensure that a footnote and the first line of its entry
+// always end up on the same page.
+
+---
+#set page(height: 120pt)
+
+#lorem(13)
+
+There #footnote(lorem(20))

tests/typ/meta/footnote.typ

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Test footnotes.
+
+---
+#footnote[Hi]
+
+---
+// Test space collapsing before footnote.
+A#footnote[A] \
+A #footnote[A]
+
+---
+// Test nested footnotes.
+First \
+Second #footnote[A, #footnote[B, #footnote[C]]] \
+Third #footnote[D, #footnote[E]] \
+Fourth
+
+---
+// Currently, numbers a bit out of order if a nested footnote ends up in the
+// same frame as another one. :(
+#footnote[A, #footnote[B]], #footnote[C]
+
+---
+// Test customization.
+#show footnote: set text(red)
+#show footnote.entry: set text(8pt, style: "italic")
+#set footnote.entry(
+  indent: 0pt,
+  gap: 0.6em,
+  clearance: 0.3em,
+  separator: repeat[.],
+)
+
+Beautiful footnotes. #footnote[Wonderful, aren't they?]